08年英语真题

08年英语真题

-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

Grammar and Vocabulary I.

1. We are not on very good _____ with the people next door. A. freindship B. relations C. will D. terms

2. Usually newspapers _______ for people with intellectual interests. A. suit B. furnish C. regard D. cater

3. The overcrowded living conditions ______ a heavy strain on the family. A. set B. put C. made D. pressed 4. The supply of apples exceeds the _______ this year.

A. request B. claim C. requirement D. demand 5. I must take this watch to be repaired: it ____ over 20 minutes a day. A. increases B. progresses C. accelerates D. gains

6. If this animal had escaped from its cage it could______ have killed or hurt several people. A. equally B. both C. well D. severely 7. I’m sorry we gave you such short ______of our visit.

A. caution B. notice C. information D. preparation 8. That old vase will _____ an attractive lamp-holder.

A. compose B. form C. make D. assemble

9. The World Bank has criticized the country for not giving enough financial ____ to developing countries.

A. allowance B. aid C. loan D. provision 10. Nothing would stop me from _____ my ambition.

A. reaching B. completing C. achieving D. obtaining 11. He showed his _____ for the TV program by switching it off.

A. distaste B. discontent C. annoyance D. boredom 12. They are _____ the woods for the missing child.

A. seeking B. looking C. investigating D. combing

13. To prevent flooding in winter the water flowing from the dam is constantly ___by a computer.

A. managed B. graded C. monitored D. conducted 14.______ I know the money is safe I shall not worry about it.

A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. However 15. He couldn’t lie convincingly enough to take a child _______. A. away B. down C. in D. up

16. The parents were worried about Dorothy because no one was aware _____she had gone. A. where that B. of where C. of the place where D. the place

17. It was not until she returned home_______ she realized she had almost wasted 10 of her valuable hours.

A. and B. when C. then D. that

18. There has not been a great response to the sale, _______ A. does it B. has it C. does there D. has there

19. Anthropology is a science ______anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and

techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. A. in that B. that in C. that D. in

2

20. The activities of the international marketing researchers are frequently much broader

than ______.

A. the domestic marketer has B. those of the domestic marketer

C. the domestic marketer does D. that which has the domestic marketer 21. I’m surprised at there _______ an index.

A. not to be B. to be not C. not being D. bring not 22. _______ this soup. I_______ pepper in it.

A. am tasting…am tasting B. am tasting…taste C. taste…am tasting D. taste…have tasted 23._____, explorers could never have found the cave.

A. But for the fissures had been spotted B. If not the fissures had been spotted C. Had the fissures not been spotted D. Had not the fissures been spotted 24. John often sits in a small bar, drinking and smoking considerably more_________. A. than that he is healthy B. than good for his health C. than his health could D. than is good for his health 25. This ______ girl is Mary’s cousin.

A. pretty little Swedish B. Swedish little pretty C. Swedish pretty little D. Little pretty Swedish 2.

1. This is a most peculiar letter. What do you ______ of it? A. gather B. make C. get D. feel

2. Now that we’ve identified the problem, we must decide on an appropriate course of______. A. action B. progress C. solution D. development

3. Since the couple couldn’t _____ their differences, they decided to get a divorce. A. reconcile B. identify C. adjust D. coincide 4. We attended a ______ of the new manufacturing process.

A. demonstration B. display C. showing D. manifestation 5. How many people do you think this car would _______ A. occupy B. hold C. fit D. load

6. It never_____ my mind that he might refuse the request. A. passed B. filled C. crossed D. occurred 7. People become less ______to new ideas as they grow older. A. receptive B. available C. attentive D. attractive 8. Is he really _____ to judge a brass band contest?

A. competent B. skillful C. capable D. efficient 9. The new airport will be _____ from all directions.

A. available B. accessible C. obtainable D. achievable 10.The team’s recent wins have now_____ them for the semi-finals. A. fitted B. promoted C. qualified D. selected

11. For parents, one of the problems ____by rising prices is the continual demand for more pocket money.

A. given B. posed C. provided D. forced 12. The police managed to ______ down the owner of the car. A. trace B. track C. search D. pursue

3

13. The party’s reduced vote was _____ of lack of support for its policies. A. indicative B. confirming C. revealing D. evident

14. The football match was televised _____ from the Workers’ Stadium. A. alive B. life C. live D. lively

15. Having considered the problem for a while she thought better_____ her first solution. A. to B. than C. from D. of

16. If that idea was wrong, the project is bound to fail,_____ good all the other ideas might be. A. whatever B. though C. whatsoever D. however

17. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ____ to the body.

A. the greater the stress B. the stress is greater C. greater the stress is D. greater is the stress 18. That’s your sister, ______

A. isn’t it B. isn’t that C. isn’t she D. aren’t you 19. It’s high time we ______a rest.

A. have B. had C. are having D. should have 20. If you ______, you’d better go outside in the fresh air.

A. faint B. have fainted C. are going to faint D. will faint 21. I don’t know _______.

A. why do this B. why to do this C. why doing this D. why we ought to do this 22. The man over there is _____ our principal.

A. no other but B. no other than C. no one than D. none other than 23. No one can walk the wire without a bit of fear unless_____ very young. A. having been trained B. trained C. to be trained D. being trained 24. –-- When can we come to visit you –-- Any time you feel________.

A. for it B. to it C. like it D. so 25. His honesty is ______: nobody can doubt it.

A. in question B. out of the question C. beside the question D. without question 3.

1. We covered a wide _____ of topics in the interview.

A. extent B. collection C. number D. range

2. What you say is true, but you could have _____it more tactfully. A. talked B. phrased C. observed D. remarked 3. If you are under 18, you are not ________to join this club. A. legitimate B. legible C. eligible D. permissive

4. When I arrived in this country I had to start learning the language from ______. A. scratch B. introduction C. ignorance D. blank 5. I spoke to him, but he was too ______ to hear what I said.

A. preoccupied B. concentrated C. absent-minded D. thoughtful

6. To ______ greater accuracy, all invoices will be double-checked before leaving for the office. A. assure B. insure C. insure D. ascertain

4

7. His letter was so confused that I could hardly make any_____ of it at all. A. interpretation B. message C. sense D. meaning

8. According to the weather forecast, which is usually _______, it will snow this afternoon. A. accurate B. precise C. exact D. perfect

9. I cannot bear the noise of my brother’s radio, it ______ me from my work. A. disturbs B. perturbs C. interrupts D. distracts 10. I congratulate you on your ______ in jewellery.

A. selection B. choice C. flavor D. taste

11. Even though the football match was not very exciting, the _____ managed to make it sound interesting.

A. commentator B. newscaster C. announcer D. narrator 12. Ask the publisher to send you their latest _____ of English textbooks. A. catalogue B. brochure C. pamphlet D. booklet 13. I haven’t the ______idea what you mean.

A. lightest B. dimmest C. faintest D. smallest

14. ______ some countries have ruined their agriculture, squandering money on uneconomic factories, the Ivory Coast has stuck to what it is good at. A. After B. During C. When D. While

15. Apparently one person _____ten now attends a university in this country. A. of B. over C. in D. from

16. All of the plants now raised on farms have been developed from plants_____ wild. A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew 17. This is the best book ______this year.

A. appearing B. having appeared C. to appear D. appeared

18. What annoys me is that tomorrow _____the third time I _____ take my car in to be repaired.

A. is …have to B. will be … have had to C. is …will have to D. will be… have to 19. Our neighbors have _____ours.

A. as a big house as B. as big a house as

C. a big house as same as D. a house the same big as 20. She is _______ biting her nails.

A. often B. usually C. continually D. hardly 21. It is ten years since I _______ you last.

A. see B. saw C. didn’t see D. haven’t seen 22._______ is such a spitfire.

A. His that third brother B. His third that brother C. That third brother of his D. That his third brother

23. I owe a special debt of ______ to my wife and child for their willingness to put up with my frequent bouts of ill-temper or sheer absent-mindedness while I was writing this book. A. thank B. thanking C. thanks D. thankings

25. An application to join this scheme places you under no obligation________. A. indeed B. eventually C. apart D. whatsoever 4.

5

1. At the casualty department my brother had his injury_________. A. cured B. healed C. relieved D. treated

2. He told his father a long and _______story to explain his lateness.

A. inconceivable B. unconvincing C. unimaginable D. incredulous 3. Milk has a _______ to go sour in hot weather.

A. tendency B. habit C. problem D. characteristic

4. Too many hotels have been built and this has _____down prices, making holidays cheaper. A. forced B. cut C. slowed D. reduced

5. The lecture ______from prehistory to modern times and gave the audience much to think about.

A. covered B. included C. ranged D. dealt 6. At first I was of the _____that you were decidedly right. A. attitude B. opinion C. thought D. idea

7. Protests died down when they realized that the new tax ______to only 50p a week. A. added B. reached C. approached D. amounted

8. The accused was given a short sentence as he had committed only a ______offence. A. subordinate B. minimal C. secondary D. minor 9. She _____wanted a house overlooking the sea.

A. particularly B. strongly C. essentially D. extremely

11. At the university of Oxford and Cambridge the ______of teachers to students is very high. A. proportion B. number C. ratio D. percentage 12. I hope you must not take _____ at my frankness.

A. annoyance B. offence C. resentment D. irritation

13. With his lack of experience and smaller physique, we don’t think he _____ a chance of winning the fight.

A. stood B. gained C. possessed D. took 14. He lost his job ______no fault of his own.

A. through B. by C. with D. over

15. He didn’t know anyone at the wedding_____ than the bride and groom. A. except B. other C. apart D. rather

17. Supposing I _______to agree to your request, how do you think the other students would feel?

A. would B. am C. were D. could

18._______ her inexperience her failure to secure the contract was not surprising. A. In view of B. By virtue of C. With regard to D. In recognition of

19. The University of Georgia, _____ in 1785, was the first state-supported university in the U.S.

A. chartered B. was chartered C. it was chartered D. to be chartered 20. This rule_____ to everyone who ________ for this post. A. will apply… will apply B. applies… will apply C. will apply… applies D. is applying… is applying

21. Are you suggesting that Joe_______ the murder when you don’t believe his alibi. A. commits B. will commit C. commit D. committed 22. You look frozen. I _____ you a cup of coffee.

6

A. will make B. am going to make C. am making D. am to make 23. Who _____ in but the President himself?

A. is coming B. should come C. came D. has come 24. She will be 21 _____.

A. come May B. when May is coming C. if May will come D. that May comes 25. He did it ______ it took me.

A. one-third the time B. the one-third time C. one-third a time D. a one-third time 5.

1. Ted couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but he knew it was _____ Sunday because everybody was at_______ church.

A. ,/ the B. a , / C. , / a D. the, /

2. When I arrived at the meeting, the first speaker____ and the audience ______.

A . had finished speaking, were clapping B. had finished speaking, had clapped C. finished speaking, clapped D. finished speaking, were clapping 3. “The door was opened.”

“It ______ open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.” A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. can’t have been D. mustn’t have been 4. We could go to a concert______ you’d prefer to visit a museum. A. if B. because C. unless D. since

5. If you ______ in such a hurry you _____ sugar into the sauce instead of salt. A. were not, would not B. were, would put

C. had been, would have put D. had not been, would not have put 6. The doctor is feeling the little girl’s pulse. He says it_____ normal. A. feels B. is feeling C. has felt D. is felt 7. Home is home, ______ ever so homely.

A. it is B. it were C. be it D. it be 8. Mary is ______ than Alice.

A. more experienced a teacher B. a more experienced teacher C. more an experienced teacher D. more experienced teacher 9. They fulfilled the task in ______ it took us.

A. three-fourths time B. three-fourths times

C. three-fourths the time D. the three-fourths time 10.______ their help, we would not have succeeded. A. Hadn’t been for B. Had it not been for C. It had been for D. Had not it been for 11. This question admits ______ several answers. A. for B. with C. of D. to

12._______all probability nobody would have complained if Mary had not told the negotiators about it. A. To B. In C. For D. At

13. The compositions contained so few errors that the teacher got the students ____ one another’s papers. A. correct B. to correct C. correcting D. to be correcting

14. A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter, ______

7

A. need it B. needn’t it C. does it D. doesn’t it

15. I don’t like ______bills but when I get them I like ______ them promptly. A. to get, pay B. getting, to pay C. to get, to pay D. getting, paying 16. He used so much jargon that I hadn’t a ______ what he was talking about. A. query B. hint C. thought D. clue

17. Isn’t it time that you ______ some serious work before the examination?

A. got down to B. took up with C. got off with D. put down to

18. Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the _____ bins provided. A. junk B. litter C. scrap D. deposit

19. The service was held to ______ the sacrifice of those who died in the war. A. commemorate B. memorize C. remember D. remind

20. His _____ of the basic structure is good but his vocabulary is limited. A. hold B. grip C. grasp D. seizure

21. The horses have returned to their ______ after the morning exercise. A. barns B. stables C. kennels D. sheds

22. I couldn’t sleep because the tap in the bathroom was _______. A. draining B. dropping C. spilling D. dripping

23. “It’s hot, isn’t it?” he said, _____ his brow with a handkerchief. A. rinsing B. wiping C. sweeping D. scrubbing

24. He is so ______ in his work that it would be a pity to disturb him. A. absorbed B. attentive C. consumed D. intent

25. I ______ with him to abandon the ship before it was too late. A. appealed B. claimed C. begged D. pleaded 26. I was about to say something, but ______ the temptation. A. challenged B. obstructed C. resisted D. struggled

27. We will accept your check, although it is not our normal _______. A. practice B. intention C. state D. occasion

28. Following the elections, a completely new situation is likely to________. A. arouse B. arise C. raise D. rise

29. Production has been delayed because of a shortage of _______ materials. A. base B. prime C. raw D. rough

30. Susan found that her new job didn’t provide her with sufficient ______ for her ability. A. capacity B. opening C. range D. scope

6.

1. ______ their policy can be changed the future of that country will be indeed bleak. A. Even if B. Unless C. Now that D. As long as

2. She said she would work it out herself _______ ask me for help. A. and not to B. but not C. and prefer not D. rather than 3. “I bought this shirt for 35 yuan yesterday.”

“It’s on sale only for 29. You should have waited.”

8

“Oh really But how ______ I know”

A. would B. can C. did D. do 4. They were pushed into battle _______ .

A. unprepared B. unpreparedly C. not preparing it D. without preparing it 5. She asked that she ______ allowed to see her son in police custody. A. would be B. could be C. be D. was

6. Mr. Anderson presided ______ the board meeting on behalf of the Chairman. A. at B. over C. on D. in

7. The rising crime rate is ______ major concern of __________ society. A. the, the B. a, / C. a, the D. /, the

8. I never regretted ________ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. A. not to accept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not accepting

9. I _______ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. A. am to have finished B. was to have finished C. was to finish D. ought to finish

10. Some dieters find that after their diet is over, they eat twice ______ they did before their diet. A. more than B. as many as C. much than D. as much as 11. She may be _______ experience, but she learns quickly. A. lacking B. lacking in C. in need for D. in lack of

12. David Singer, my friend‘s father, _______ raised and educated in New York, lived and lectured in Africa

most of his life.

A. who B. if C. while D. though

13. My Scottish friend says there is ______ monster in Loch Ness. A. no such thing as B. no such thing as a C. no such a thing as D. no such a thing as a

14. The university authorities are seriously considering abandoning the traditional ________ class. A. fifty minutes B. fifty-minutes C. fifty-minute D. fifty minute’s 15. _________ the snake in superstitious awe.

A. Mankind has held long B. Long has held mankind C. Has mankind long held D. Mankind has long held 16. On the desert, travelers often see _______ rivers and lakes. A. imagining B. imaginative C. imaginable D. imaginary 17. Inside the apartment was an unpleasant smell of ______ air. A. stale B. smoked C. misty D. wet

18. The album might well have ______ had it been less expensive. A. worked out B. fallen through C. caught on D. fitted in

19. In order to be successful as an engineer, she had to become ______ at maths. A. proficient B. outstanding C. prominent D. experienced. 20. This move deprived the prisoner of his _______ of escape. A. ways B. possibilities C. plans D. means

21. The house that we used to live in is in a very _______ state. A. neglectful B. negligible C. neglected D. negligent 22. The ticket taker at the football game tore the ticket ________.

9

A. in half B. by half C. in halves D. at half 23. I wish, if possible, to avoid any ______ of my family. A. hint B. mention C. clue D. comment

24. I’m afraid this painting is not Qi Baishi. It’s only a copy and so it’s ________. A. worthless B. invaluable C. unworthy D. priceless

25. When her parents died, Brenda _______ of the house and all its contents. A. discarded B. dispelled C. disposed D. discharged 26. The plans for the building were _______ a few months ago. A. drawn on B. drawn back C. drawn out D. drawn up 27. We were filled with _______ about flying in such bad weather. A. troubles B. obscurity C. ignorance D. misgivings

28. We are all astonished to learn that the apparently ______ professor was really a spy. A. respectful B. respective C. respectable D. respected

29. It is important that the schedule be not too ______ to allow for relaxation and hobbies.

A. loaded B. crowded C. filled D. squeezed

30. The millionaire in the story had a(n) _______ habit of sleeping with his sack of money laid beside him in

place of a wife.

A. economic B. miserly C. disgusted D. playful 7.

1. A ship with a heavy load of timber is reported to have sunk_____ the coast of California.

A. off B. on C. at D. in 2. Arriving at the bus stop, ______ waiting there.

A. a lot of people were B. he found a lot of people C. a lot of people D. people were found

3. ____ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.

A. Unless B. But for C. Except for D. Not for 4. We can assign the task to _____ is capable and trustworthy.

A. whomever B. who C. whom D. whoever

5. _____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.

A. Not received B. Since receiving C. Having received D. Not having received 6. So badly ____in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months.

A. did he injured B. injured him C. was he injured D. he was injured

7. The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cards ____ the most important of these.

A. have been B. are C. being D. are being

8. It was recommended that passengers ______ smoke during the flight.

A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not

9. “She must be in the dormitory now”. “No, she ____ be there. I saw her in the classroom a minute ago.”

A. mustn’t B. can’t C. couldn’t D. wouldn’t

10. _____ human problems that repeat themselves in _____ life repeat themselves in _______ literature.

A. /, /, the B. /, the, / C. The, / , / D. The, the, the 11. Only take such clothes ____ really necessary.

A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are 12. ______ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions.

10

A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. I realized that D. As I realized

13. She has taken great pains to conceal her emotions, and thereby made them _____ conspicuous.

A. all the more B. all the much C. all more D. all much 14. He ____ the 8:20 bus because he didn’t leave home till 8:25.

A. couldn’t have caught B. ought to have caught C. shouldn’t have caught D. must not have caught

15. ______ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced

no concrete proposals.

A. That B. It C. This D. As

16. Please dispose _____ those old newspapers while you’re cleaning up the room.

A. out B. of C. away D. in

17. One can ______ even from one’s unpleasant experiences.

A. obtain B. improve C. benefit D. continue 18. This automobile plant has a monthly _______ of 500 cars.

A. proficiency B. capability C. strength D. capacity

19. At present there is a ______ of iron and steel and more must be produced.

A. limit B. loss C. poverty D. scarcity

20. He was ______ admittance to the concert hall for not being properly dressed.

A. rejected B. denied C. withheld D. deprived

21. Because of the strong sun the new sitting-room curtain have _____ from dark blue to grey.

A. fainted B. paled C. bleached D. faded 22. My new sweater ______ when I washed it.

A. shrank B. shortened C. contracted D. condensed 23. He was so ______ on his work that he didn’t hear her come in.

A. intent B. absorbed C. engrossed D. involved 24. George has a big coffee _____ on the front of his jacket.

A. spot B. mark C. stain D. patch

25. The problem has _____simply because you didn’t follow the instructions in the handbook.

A. assembled B. arisen C. risen D. resulted 26. Try not to say anything harmful to her. She is a very _______person.

A. sensible B. sensitive C. tough D. reasonable 27. The ______ driver thinks accidents only happen to other people.

A. average B. common C. usual D. normal 28. The boxer ______ his opponent as hard as he could.

A. punched B. slapped C. knocked D. whipped 29. The Christmas presents were all _____ in shiny papers.

A. done over B. done with C. done out D. done up 30. In the next few years major changes will be ______ in China’s industry.

A. brought forward B. brought about C. brought on D. brought up

8.

1. Most people can’t get ____ the day without at least one cup of coffee. A. on B. through C. over D. by

2. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _____out and three men climbing down it.

11

A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown 3. He resented _____ to wait. He expected the minister _____ him at once. A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked, seeing

4. The idea of traveling through _____space to other planets interests many people today. A. a B. the C. / D. one

5. The meeting’s been cancelled. Ann _____ all that work.

A. need to do B. need have C. needn’t have done D. needed not to do 6. It was not until midnight _____ the snowcapped peak. A. that they sighted B. that they didn’t sight C. did they sight D. had they sighted 7. You’d better look at the difficulty ______.

A. the other way B. by the other way C. another way D. by another way 8. ____ I was very mistaken, there was something wrong with Lousie. A. Unless B. As C. Though D. Since 9. He prefers _______.

A. to write his letters rather than dictating them. B. to write his letters rather than dictate them. C. writing his letters rather than dictate them.

D. writing his letters rather than have dictated them. 10. You and I could hardly understand _______

A. could I B. couldn’t you C. couldn’t we D. could we 11. He is not under arrest, _____ any restriction on him.

A. or the police have placed B. or have the police placed C. nor the police have placed D. nor have the police placed

12. We could ____ him with a detached house when he came, but he had specifically asked for a small flat.

A. provide B. have provided C. not provide D. not have provided 13. This missile is designed so that once _____ nothing can be done to retrieve it. A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having fired 14. ____ the two, Bob is ______ student.

A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligent C. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent 15. ____, he would not have recovered so quickly.

A. Hadn’t he been taken good care of B. Had he not been taken good care of C. Had not he been taken good care of D. Had he been not taken good care of 16. The local council has decided to take the _____ of the hotel to court.

A. landlord B. tenant C. client D. proprietor

17. Swarms of wasps are always invading my garden. They are a thorough ______.

A. nuisance B. disturbance C. trouble D. annoyance 18. The cold drink _____him after his long hot journey.

A. reduced B. refreshed C. released D. recovered

19. For years she suffered from the ____ that her husband might come back to her.

A. vision B. idea C. imagination D. illusion

20. He went to Australia hoping to find a teaching_____ without too much difficulty.

A. work B. career C. post D. employment

12

21. The accusation left him quite ______ with rage.

A. quiet B. silent C. mute D. speechless 22. As the drug took _____ the patient became quieter.

A. force B. effect C. action D. influence

23. From time to time, there have been _____ demands that the basic wage be increased.

A. insistent B. persistent C. consistent D. resistant

24. Notebooks, textbooks and school magazines were accidentally ____ all over the floor.

A. spread B. separated C. splashed D. scattered 25. An _____ degree was conferred on the distinguished professor.

A. honest B. honored C. honorary D. honorific

26. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will pull _____.

A. up B. through C. out D. back

27. The purpose of the survey was to _____ the inspectors with local condition.

A. inform B. notify C. instruct D. acquaint

28. Because of his poor health, it took him a long time to throw ____ his bad cold.

A. off B. away C. down D. over

29. Though badly damaged by fire, the palace was eventually _____ to its original splendor.

A. recovered B. renewed C. restored D. replaced 30. They had a pleasant chat _____ a cup of coffee.

A. for B. with C. during D. over

9.

1. You won’t get a loan _____ you can offer some security. A. lest B. in case C. unless D. other than 2. ______ time, he will make a first-class tennis player. A. Having B. Given C. Giving D. Had

3. I ______ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying

4. This company has now introduced a policy ___ pay rises are related to performance at work. A. which B. where C. whether D. what

5. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _____ insufficiently popular with all members.

A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D. being considered

6. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals____ in Africa. A. hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted 7. The office ahs to be shut down _______funds.

A. being a lack of B. from lack of C. to a lack of D. for lack of

8. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid_____. A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten 9. As it turned out to be a small house party, we_____ so formally. A. need not have dressed up B. must not have dressed up C. did not need to dress up D. must not dress up

10. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than Eastern Nebraska_______. A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does in

13

11. _______no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room. A. There was B. Since C. Being D. There being 12. The brilliance of his satires was _____ make even his victims laugh. A. so as to B. such as to C. so that D. such that

13. If he______ in that way for much longer he will find himself in the bankruptcy court. A. carries on B. carries off C. carried by D. carried away

14. Although the banknote fooled many people, they didn’t______ to close examination. A. look up B. pay up C. keep up D. stand up

15. He must give us more time,_______ we shall not be able to make a good job of it. A. consequently B. otherwise C. therefore D. doubtlessly

16. When there was a short_____ in the conversation, I asked if anyone would like anything to drink. A. blank B. space C. pause D. wait

17. You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the ______ it involves. A. effort B. strength C. attempt D. force

18. The main road through Littlebury was blocked for three hours today after an accident ____ two trucks. A. involving B. including C. combining D. containing

19. Very few scientists _______with completely new answers to the world’s population. A. come to B. come round C. come on D. come up

20. Hotel rooms must be_______ by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter. A. departed B. abandoned C. vacated D. displaced

21. Half the excuse she gives are not true, but she always seems to ______ them. A. get on with B. get away with C. get up from D. get in on 22. The ____ physicist has been challenged by others in his field. A. respectable B. respectful C. respective D. respecting

23. With hundreds of works behind, Picasso is regarded as a very _____ artist. A. profound B. productive C. prosperous D. plentiful 24. The city suffered _____ damage as a result of the earthquake.

A. considered B. considerate C. considerable D. considering

25. Undergraduate students have no_____ to the rare books in the school library. A. access B. entrance C. way D. path

10.

1. How can I ever concentrate if you ______ continually______ me with silly questions

A. have …interrupted B. had… interrupted C. are …interrupting D. were… interrupting 2. When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer______

A. do you B. will you C. don’t you D. won’t you

3. He left orders that nothing ______ touched until the police arrived here. A. should be B. ought to be C. must be D. would be

4. Mr. White works with chemical import & export company, but he ______ for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.

A. has worked B. works C. has been working D. is working

5. The physicist has made a discovery, _____ of great importance to the progress of science and technology. A. I think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. which I think it is

14

6. _____, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources.

A. Instead of his contributions B. For all his notable contributions

C. His making notable contributions D. However his notable contributions 7. The team can handle whatever______ .

A. that needs handling B. which needs handling C. it needs handling D. needs to be handled 8. Come and see me whenever _________.

A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient

C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you

9. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and _______ he was warmly received. A. as such B. such as C. as that D. so that

10. I have never been to London, but that is the city _______. A. where I like to visit most B. I’d most like to visit

C. which I like to visit mostly D. where I’d like most to visit 11. I was to have made a speech if ______.

A. I was not called away B. nobody would have called ma away C. I had not been called away D. nobody called me away 12. I felt that I was not yet ______ to travel abroad.

A. too strong B. strong enough C. so strong D. enough strong

13. The plane found the spot and hovered close enough to ______ that it was a car. A. ensure B. examine C. verify D. testify

14. The encouraging factor is that the______ majority of people find the idea of change acceptable. A. numerous B. vast C. most D. massive

15. The increase in student numbers______ many problems for the universities. A. forces B. presses C. provides D. poses

16. Please _____ from smoking until the airplane is airborne. A. refrain B. prevent C. resist D. restrain

17. Reporters and photographers alike took great _______ at the rude way the actor behaved

during the interview.

A. annoyance B. offence C. resentment D. irritation

18. Topics for composition should be ______ to the experience and interests of the students.

A. concerned B. dependent C. connecting D. relevant

19. The novel contains some marvelously revealing _______ of rural life in the 19th century. A. glances B. glimpses C. glares D. gleams

20. Sometimes the students may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.

A. reaction B. comment C. impression D. comprehension 21. Picking flowers in the park is absolutely_______.

A. avoided B. prohibited C. rejected D. repelled

22. Tony has not the least _______ of giving up his research work. A. intention B. interest C. wish D. desire

23. Two of the children have to sleep in one bed, but the other 3 have ________ ones. A. similar B. singular C. different D. separate

24. Am I to understand that his new post_______ no responsibility with it at all?

15

A. keeps B. supports C. carries D. possesses

25. Animals that could not _______ themselves to the changed environment perished and those that could survive.

A. change B. adapt C. modify D. conform

Cloze 1.

Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought 1 made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or 2 , bread is baked and 3 by the baker, milk arrived on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the 4 canteen, and the school dinning-room.

It is usual now for father to 5 his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if 6 , see him at his place of work. Boys are 7 seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly 8 choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon 9 a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been 10 for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child’s home life, the number of married women 11 employment 12 more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his elder children drawing 13 wages, father is seldom the dominant figure 14 he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works, economic advantages accrue, but children lose 15 of great value if mother’s employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.

1. A. readily B. already C. ready D. specially

2. A. preserved B. conserved C. reserved D. observed 3. A. transmitted B. carried C. distributed D. delivered 4. A. work’s B. work C. works’s D. works’ 5. A. seek B. take C. pursue D. develop 6. A. not B. possible C. so D. ever

7. A. therefore B. nevertheless C. notwithstanding D. thereafter 8. A. broad B. large C. ample D. wide

9. A. obtains B. acquires C. receives D. achieves 10. A. customary B. ordinary C. established D. regular 11. A. at B. of C. on D. in

12. A. has B. having C. have D. to have

13. A. massive B. enormous C. substantial D. immense 14. A. that B. who C. which D. who

15. A. nothing B. something C. everything D. anything

2.

In the morning it started to rain. It was the first rain of the new year and it 1 , in an

extremely violent manner, the beginning of the rainy season. The drops which fell were large, and they fell straight down, for 2 tropical rains never degenerate into slanting drizzle, the familiar 3 of a rainy day in so many other parts of the world. The rain fell heavily, it fell continuously and it saturated everything which lay 4 its way.

16

During the rain most people kept to their homes. But a few waked about. 5 to the wetness of their clothes and determined to 6 as usual. And, for those who wished to keep dry

however much it cost them, there were always 7 taxis. They splashed by along the road, with the windscreen wiper revealing only 8 glimpses of the drivers peering faces. 9 , when the rain had started, the drivers had had only the big puddles to miss, but later on, when the drains had overflowed and the whole road swam with water all dangerous pits and 10 had been hidden, and the faces peeing through the windscreens peered even more anxiously than before. But often the faces inside the taxis ceased to 11 to look out at all, for water had splashed up to the electrical system, and the engine stopped to just as surely and abruptly as it would have done, 12 the car actually 13 into one of the drains it had so 14 missed only a few moments 15 .

1. A. exhibited B. marked C. showed D. identified 2. A. brutal B. intense C. wild D. fierce 3. A. pattern B. style C. model D. norm 4. A. on B. at C. in D. over

5. A. resigning B. to resign C. resigned D. having resigned 6. A. carry on B. keep on C. continue D. go on 7． A. / B. the C. many D. some

8. A. fragmentary B. sudden C. partial D. scattered 9. A. Initially B. Original C. Formerly D. Firstly

10. A. destructions B. frustrations C. constructions D. obstructions 11. A. disturb B. intend C. bother D. worry 12. A. was B. were C. had D. has

13. A. skidded B. swerved C. slipped D. glided 14. A. closely B. nearly C. almost D. narrowly

15. A. ahead B. before C. ago D. beforehand 3.

Television—that the most pervasive and persuasive of modern 1 , marked by rapid change and growth—is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which 2 to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic 3 , made possible by the 4 of television and computer sciences.

The word “television,” 5 from the Greek (tele; distance) and Latin(visio; sight) roots, can 6 be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply 7 , it works in this way: through a

sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the 8 of converting 9 into a receiver (television set), can 10 be electronically reconstituted into that same image.

Television is more than just as electronics system, however. It is 11 of expression, as well as a 12 for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.

The field of television can be divided into two 13 determined by its means of transmission of television 14 . Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides 15 the needs if individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. 1. A. techniques B. skills C. development D. technologies 2. A. suggests B. promises C. appears D. pledges

3. A. evolution B. innovation C. transformation D. revolution

17

4. A. marriage B. synthesis C. association D. unification 5. A. came B. stemmed C. derived D. resulted 6. A. accurately B. precisely C. exactly D. literally 7. A. said B. put C. expressed D. described

8. A. capability B. competence C. ability D. proficiency 9. A. feeding B. having fed C. feed D. fed 10. A. then B. now C. later D. shortly 11. A. a mean B. a means C. mean D. means

12. A. channel B. apparatus C. vehicle D. mechanism 13. A. classes B. sections C. categories D. groups 14. A. signals B. signs C. images D. pictures 15. A. for B. with C. to D. on 4.

Americans are people obsessed with child-rearing. In their text books, magazines, talk shows, parent training courses, White House conferences, and chats___1__the back fence, they endlessly debate the best ways to raise children.___2___, Americans do more than debate their theories: they translate them into action. They erect playgrounds for the

youngsters___3___, equip large schools for their education, and train skilled specialists for their welfare. ___4___industries in America are devoted to making children happy,

healthy and wise. But this interest in childhood is relatively new. In fact, __5___ very recently people considered childhood just a brief, unimportant prelude to adulthood and the real business of living. By and large they _6__ignored children, beat them, or fondled them carelessly, much as we would amuse ourselves with a __7__ of puppies. When they gave serious thought to children__8___ all, people either conceived of them as miniature adults or as peculiar, unformed animals.

Down through the ages the experiences of childhood have been as __9___ as its duration. Actions that would have provoked __10__ beating in one era elicit extra loving care in another. Babies who have been nurtured exclusively by their mothers in one epoch are __11__ with day-care workers in another. In some places children have been trained to straddle unsteady canoes, negotiate treacherous mountain passes, and

carry heavy bundles on __12__ heads. In other places they have been taught complicate piano concertos and multiplication tables.

But diverse __13__ it has been, childhood has one common experience at its core and that is the social aspect of nurture. All children need adults to bring them up. Because human young take so long to become independent, we think that civilization __14__ have grown up around the need to feed and protect them. Certainly from the earliest days of man, adults __15__ made provision for the children in their midst. 1. A. over B. from C. during D. by

2. A. However B. Moreover C. Nevertheless D. Besides 3. A. happiness B. well-being C. pleasure D. delight 4. A. Either B. Most C. Any D. Total 5. A. almost B. only C. since D. until 6. A. either B. neither C. simply D. both

18

7. A. brood B. litter C. pack D. flock 8. A. for B. after C. above D .at

9. A. variable B. various C. varied D. variant 10. A. one B. a C. some D. any

11. A. taught B. trained C. left D. brought 12. A .the B. our C. your D. their 13. A .for B. as C. though D. although 14. A. may B. should C. ought to D. would 15. A. were B. are C. have D. had 5.

To find out what the weather is going to be, most people go straight to the radio, television or newspaper to get an expert weather forecast. But__1__ you know what to look for, you can use your own __2__ to make weather predictions.

There are many__3__ which can help you. For example, in fair weather the air pressure is generally__4__. The air is still and often full of dust. Faraway object may look__5__. But when a storm is gathering, the pressure __6__ and you are often able to see things more clearly. Sailors took note of this long ago and came __7__ with a saying “The farther the sight the nearer the rain.”

Your sense of__8__ can also help you detect weather changes. Just__9__ it rains odors become stronger. This is __10__ odors are suppressed in a fair, high-pressure center. When a bad weather low(低气压区) moves in, air pressure lessens and odors are __11__.

You can also hear an approaching storm. Sounds bounce off heavy storm clouds and return to earth with __12__. An old saying describes it this way: “Sound traveling far and wide, a storm day will betide(发生)。“

And don’t laugh if your grandmother says she can __13__ a storm coming. It is commonly known that many people feel pains in their bones when the humidity __14__ , the pressure drops, and bad weather is on the __15__.

1. A. if B. unless C. though D. as

2. A. experiences B. senses C. feelings D. ways 3. A. forms B. signals C. signs D. expressions 4. A. high B. low C. strong D. weak 5. A. big B. small C. clear D. misty

6. A. rises B. drops C. increases D. descends. 7. A. up B. over C. upon D. along 8. A. touch B. taste C. smell D. sight 9. A. when B. as C. after D. before 10. A. why B. because C. how D. when

11. A. released B. controlled C. checked D. roused 12. A. power B. force C. strength D. vigor 13. A. see B. hear C. feel D. tell 14. A. falls B. grows C. drops D. rises 15. A. way B. road C. march D. move 6.

19

Since 15 the National Trust(国家文物信托基金会)has worked for the preservation of historic interest and natural beauty in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Today the Trust- 1 is not a government department but a charity depending on the 2 support of the public and its own members- is the largest landowner and conservation society in Britain.

Wherever you go, you are close to land that is protected and 3 by the National Trust. Over 350 miles of 4 coastline; 90,00 acres of land, lakes and forests in one area of natural beauty 5 ; prehistoric and Roman ruins; moorlands and farmland, woods and islands; lengths of 6 waterways; even 17 whole villages-all are open to the public at all times subject only 7 the needs of farming, forestry and the protection of wildlife. But the Trust ‘s protection 8 further than this. It has in its possession a hundred gardens and 9 two hundred historic buildings which it opens to paying visitors. Castles and churches, houses of 10 or historic importance, mills, gardens and parks 11 to the Trust by their former owners. Many houses retain their 12 contents of fine furniture, pictures, and other treasures accumulated over 13 , and often the donor himself continues to live in part of the house as a 14 of the National Trust. The walking-sticks in the hall, the flowers, silver-framed photographs, books and papers in the rooms are signs that the house is still loved and 15 and that visitors are welcomed as private individual just as much as tourists. 1. A. it B. which C. this D. whether it

2. A. deliberate B. compulsory C. spontaneous D. voluntary 3. A. maintained B. watched C. renewed D. repaired 4. A. unused B. underdeveloped C. unwanted D. unspoiled 5. A. besides B. nearby C. alone D. beyond 6. A. interior B. inland C. inside D. inner 7. A. by B. at C. to D. on

8. A. develops B. extends C. enlarges D. prolongs 9. A. some B. nearby C. on average D. more

10. A. architectural B. archetype C. architecture D. archaeology 11. A. are giving B. have given C. been given D. have been given 12. A. primitive B. initial C. elementary D. original 13. A. times B. generations C. years D. age groups 14. A. resident B. dweller C. tenant D. housekeeper 15. A. lived in B. kept over C. resided with D. taken up

7.

Unlike most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter.

In 11, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCA’s. That year the school was trying 1 up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy 2 the football and basetball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities 3 their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.

He first tried to 4 some of the popular outdoor sports, but they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and 5 hit with equipment. So, Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact.

Most popular sports used a ball. So, he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it

20

6 no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided 7 an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on 8 only. His goals were two peach baskets, 9 to ten-foot-high balconies at each end of the gym. The basic 10 of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, 11 of which, though with some small changes are still 12 effect.

Basketball was an immediate success. The students 13 it to their friends, and the new sport quickly 14 on. Today, basketball is one of the most popular games 15 the world.

1. A. to have come B. coming C. come D. to come 2. A. between B. during C. when D. for 3 A. roused B. held C. had D. were

4. A. imitate B. adopt C. adapt D. renovate 5. A. being B. to be C. been D. were 6 A. requested B. used C. required D. took 7. A. on B. to C. of D. with

8. A. power B. strength C. force D. might 9. A. fixed B. fixing C. that fixed D. which fixed 10. A. method B. rules C. way D. idea 11. A. few B. much C. many D. little 12. A. with B. in C. on D. for

13. A. defined B. spread C. taught D. discussed 14. A. went B. took C. put D. caught

15. A. of B. throughout C. among D. through

8.

The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they 1 about their lives, the

restrictions on money available 2 them, the presence of others in the family with a 3 on that money, and the influence of current convention, 4 , surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity.

Yet shoppers are 5 with a confusing situation and a(n) 6 changing one. The confusion arises from the claims 7 advertising, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new prices to a shop- a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a(n) 8 choice of goods than ever before. The search 9 the right purchase is based on ignorance of 10 own needs and ignorance of the product’s 11 for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance. 12 none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially. 13 you find one, she may quite 14 not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife 15 part-time.

1. A. imagine B. possess C. have D. own 2. A. to B. for C. with D. of

3. A. right B. demand C. request D. claim

4. A. growth B. upbringing C. cultivating D. expansion 5. A. dealt B. faced C. coped D. greeted

21

6. A. suddenly B. instantly C. rapidly D. readily 7. A. made by B. seen in C. hinted at D. set in 8. A. ampler B. larger C. broader D. wider 9. A. from B. into C. for D. with 10. A. their B. one’s C. his D. her 11. A. fitness B. use C. value D. worth 12.A. And B. Still C. Yet D. Even

13. A. Even if B. Although C. Because D. While

14. A. generally B. authentically C. innocently D. genuinely 15. A. studying B. practicing C. working D. shopping 9.

Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapon in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats. They could not 1 with the bear, whose strength, speed, and claws 2 an impressive small-fire’s

weaponry. They could not even defend themselves 3 running swiftly like the horses, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been 4 to failure and extinction. But they were 5 with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.

In the search 6 the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had 7 efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see

clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far 8 the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long-distance sight was 9

another matter. Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range of sight—so 10 they had had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, however, this simple solution was not 11 . Climbing a hill would have helped, but in many places the ground was flat. The ape-men 12 the only possible solution. They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk upright.

This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still. 13 , they persevered and their bones structure gradually became 14 to the new unstable position that 15 them the name Homo erectus, upright man. 1. A. match B. compare C. rival D. equal

2. A. became B. equipped C. posed D. provided 3. A. in B. upon C. by D. with

4. A. driven B. doomed C. forced D. led

5. A. bestowed B. given C. presented D. endowed 6. A. for B. of C. on D. at

7. A. progressed B. generated C. developed D. advanced 8. A. from B. apart C. beyond D. above 9. A. rather B. quite C. much D. really 10. A. anything B. that C. everything D. all

11. A. available B. enough C. sufficient D. convenient

22

12. A. chose B. adopted C. accepted D. took

13. A. However B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Subsequently 14. A. accustomed B. familiarized C. adapted D. suited 15. A. obtained B. called C. deserved D. earned

III Reading Comprehension 1.

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden increase in the volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does .

Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and had the same kind of middle-class and working-class residents, with

approximately the same ethnic mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street, in Appleyard’s terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars daily, and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day. Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily. That is, the cars didn’t bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of

territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left. Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up trash. They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin. On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic increased. People were becoming more and preoccupied with their own lives. A

number of families had recently moved and more were considering. Those who were staying expressed deep regret at the destruction of their community.

1. The three streets mentioned in this passage are different because ______________. A. they are in different cities

A. the residents are of different ethnic backgrounds B. they have varying amounts of traffic

C. the income levels of the residents vary considerably

2. All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT ______________. A. increased amounts of trash B. greater danger to residents C. more pollution D. more vibrations

3. The author’s main purpose in the second paragraph is to _______________. A. discuss the problems of trash disposal

B. point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic C. propose an alternate system of transportation D. suggest ways to cope with traffic problems

4. Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of Gough Street

23

A. People on this street are unhappy because the neighborhood is deteriorating. B. People on this street think mostly of themselves.

C. People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible. D. A number of people are preparing to leave this street. 2.

It is said that George Washington was one of the first to realize how important the

building of canals would be to the nation’s development. In fact, before he became president, he headed the first company in the Unites States to build a canal that was to connect the Ohio and Potomac Rivers. It was never completed, but it showed the nation the feasibility of canals. As the country expanded westward, settlers in western New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio needed a means to ship goods. Canals linking natural waterways seemed to offer an effective solution. In 1791, engineers commissioned by the state of New York investigated the possibility of a canal between Albany on the Hudson River and Buffalo on Lake Erie, which would like the Great Lakes area with the Atlantic seacoast. It would avoid the mountains that served as a barrier to canals from the Delaware and Potomac rivers. The first attempt to dig the canal, to be called the Erie Canal, was made by private companies but only a comparatively small portion was built before the project was halted for lack of funds. The cost of the project was an estimated five million dollars, an enormous amount for those days. There was some on-again, off-again federal funding, but the War of 1812 put an end to this. In 1817, DeWitt Clinton was elected governor of New York and persuaded the state to finance and build the Canal. It was completed in 1825, costing two million dollars more than expected. The canal rapidly lived up to its sponsor’s faith, quickly paying for itself through tolls. It was far more economical than any other form of transportation at the time. It permitted trade between the Great Lake region and East Coast, robbing the Mississippi River of much of its traffic. It allowed New York to supplant Boston, Philadelphia, and other eastern cities as the chief center of both domestic and foreign commerce. Cities sprang up along the Canal. It also contributed in a number of ways to the North’s victory over the South in the Civil War. An expansion of the canal was planned in 1849. Increased traffic would undoubtedly have warranted its construction had it not been for the development of the railroads. 5. Why does the author most likely mention George Washington in the first paragraph? A. He was president at the time the Erie Canal was built. B. He was involved in pioneering efforts to build canals.

C. He successfully opened the first canal in the United States.

D. He commissioned engineers to study the possibility of building the Erie Canal.

6. The word “tolls” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to which of the following? A. jobs B. grants C. links D. fees

7. Which of the following is NOT given as an effect of the building of the Erie Canal in the fourth paragraph? 8.

A. It allowed the East Coast to trade with the Great Lakes area. B. It took water traffic away from the Mississippi River.

24

C. It helped determine the outcome of the Civil War.

D. It established Boston and Philadelphia as the most important centers of trade.

9. What can be inferred about railroads in 1849 from the information in the last paragraph? A. They were being planned but had not yet been built. B. They were seriously underdeveloped.

C. They had begun to compete with the Erie Canal for traffic. D. They were weakened by the expansion of the Canal. 3.

No step in life is more important than the choice of a vocation. The wise selection of the business, profession, trade, or occupation to which one’s life is to be devoted and the

development of full efficiency in the chosen field are matters of the deepest moment to young men and to the public. These vital problems should be solved in a careful, scientific way, with due regard to each person’s aptitudes, abilities, ambitions, resources, and limitations and the relations of these elements to the conditions of success in different industries. If a boy takes up a line of work to which he is adapted, he will achieve far greater success than if he drifts into an industry for which he is not fitted. An occupation out of harmony with the worker’s aptitudes and capacities means inefficiency, unenthusiastic and perhaps distasteful labor, and low pay, while an occupation in harmony with the nature of the man means enthusiasm, love of work, and high economic values-- superior product, efficient service, and good pay. If a young man chooses his vocation so that his best abilities and enthusiasms will be united with his daily work, he has laid the foundations of success and happiness. But, if his best abilities and enthusiasms are separated from his daily work or do not find in it fair scope and

opportunity for exercise and development; if his occupation is merely a means of making a living, and the work he loves to do is sidetracked into the evening hours or pushed out of his life altogether, he will be only a fraction of the man he ought to be. Efficiency and success are largely dependent on adaptation.

9. The author expresses the thought that the correct choice of job or career is important to __________.

A. the individual involved and his parents B. only the individual involved C. society in general D. the individual and society at large

10. Proper adaptation of the worker to his occupation will produce____________. A. happiness and social adjustment B. happiness and rapid advancement C. efficiency and success D. social adjustment and efficiency

11. A thought that is contrary to the feeling of the author is that ______________. A. one cannot simply relegate one’s real interest in life to “spare time” B. a happy worker is an efficient worker

C. if one wants to, he can work at his really important interests after he has completed his day’s work

D. tying one’s interests and enthusiasms to one’s job can lead to a happy work experience 12. The choice of a vocation should be made with ___________. A. careful research into pay scales and timely advancement B. a survey of the most-needed fields in today’s society

C. consideration of the workplace and its offerings of comfort and workable atmosphere D. a survey into one’s personal abilities

25

4.

East Somalia’s prolonged shortage of rain, which has already caused food supplies to fail and brought unemployment in farming areas, could also affect the production of electricity, and thus reduce the output from the nation’s mines. The mining industry, and especially copper mining, uses a huge amount of electricity and is almost completely dependent on the

government Electricity Supply Commission. But the Commission has recently asked the mines what would happen if electricity supplies were reduced by ten, twenty or thirty percent. The Commission’s power stations, which produce the electricity using coal as fuel, are mostly situated near the large coalfields of Eastern Province. But this area has little water so the cooling towers at the power stations have to be supplied with water from elsewhere. The problem now is that water-levels in all rivers and lakes have fallen dangerously low and, in some cases, are well below the intake pipes which feed into the pipelines which supply the cooling towers.

In a desperate attempt to solve the problem, engineers are spending some forty million dollars on building a series of small dams across the Haro River. It is hoped that these dams will make the water level at the Malawa Dam rise so that water can then be pumped through a new pipeline to the power stations.

This will take time and it is now the dry season. Very little rain falls before October or November, and, after a shortage which has lasted for four years and is believed to be the worst in two centuries, nobody can say whether the rains will be sufficient.

The amount of electricity and water used by the mines has tended to increase in recent years. The mines, which produce about half the country’s export earnings, need electricity in order to pump fresh air through their workings and to drive machines which crush vast quantities of rock. Each mine also has to provide accommodation for as many as three thousand workers.

13. How might East Somalia’s lack of rain affect electricity supplies and mining?

A. Copper mines have to use less electricity.

B. Coal supplies are failing to reach power stations.

C. Electricity supplies to mines may be cut by up to thirty per cent. D. Copper mines may be unable to pump water by October. 14. The action that the engineers are taking _____________. A. may not help if there is insufficient rain

B. will become effective towards the end of the year C. should get enough water to the mines D. will use up a lot of electricity

15. The engineers aim to ___________.

A. change the direction of the Haro River B. keep more water at the Malawa Dam C. get more water into the Haro River D. dig out artificial lakes near the dam 16. Why are the copper mines important to East Somalia

A. They train many skilled mechanics.

B. Each mine employs approximately 3000 people. C. Their costs and production are rising.

26

D. They bring in fifty per cent of what the country earns with export. 5.

Rebel uprising kills seventy! Plane crash leaves no survivors! Rock star dies of overdose! Evening newscasts and metropolitan newspapers scream the bad news, the sensational, and the action.

Audiences of today focus upon the sensational action, the violence, the loss, the terror. Individually, our lives are redirected, our worlds reshaped, and our images changed. While wary of the danger of change, we human beings surrender daily to exploitation of values, opportunities, and sensitivity. The evolution has brought us to the point that we believe little of what is presented to us as good and valuable; instead, we opt for suspicion and disbelief, demanding proof and something for nothing.

Therein lies the danger for the writer seeking to break into the market of today.

Journalists sell sensationalism __ information as action. The journalist who loses sight of the simple truth and opts only for the sensation loses the audience over the long run. Only those seeking a short-term thrill are interested in following the journalistic thinking.

How, then do we capture the audience of today and hold it, when the competition for attention is so fierce The answer is writing to convey action, and the way to accomplish this is a simple one __ action verbs.

The writer whose product suspends time for the reader or viewer is the successful writer whose work is sought and reread. Why?

Time often will melt away in the face of the reality of life’s little responsibilities for the reader. Instead of puzzling over a more active, and more accurate verb, some journalists often limp through passive voice and useless tense to squeeze the life out of an action-filled world and fill their writing with missed opportunities to appeal to the reader who seeks that moment of suspended time.

Recently, a reporter wrote about observing the buildings in a community robbed by rebel uprising as “thousands of bullet holes were in the hotel.” A very general observation. Suppose he had written, “The hotel was pocked （使有麻点）with bullet holes.” The visual image conjured up by the latter is far superior to the former. Here is the reader … comfortable in the easy chair before the fire with the dog at his feet. The verb “pocked” speaks to him.

The journalist missed the opportunity to convey the reality.

17. This passage provides information to support which of the following?

A. Journalists of today find excitement that they convey to their readers.

B. The need for accurate reporting is obvious in the lack of human-interest stories. C. In order to appeal to the public, one must write only about sensational topics. D. Writing that is not lively escapes the reader’s imagination.

18. The journalist eager to succeed and capture the reader’s attention will_____________. A. exploit the short attention span and sensationalize

B. report only the familiar incidents in order to achieve the transfer of understanding C. attempt to spice the writing with contrived incidents that will fit the current situation D. utilize events and actions to transport the reader to the incident at hand 19. The passage suggests that readers are NOT affected by all of the following EXCEPT___________.

27

A. dull writing B. international incidents C. active writing D. local current event

20. According to the author, which of the following might be true of journalists?

A. Most journalists are eager to report the truth. B. Journalists only want to exploit the readers.

C. Language is the tool of journalists. D. Journalists seek the easy way out. 6. Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.

Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia – and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and leaning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric （修辞学）,and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed (注意；重视) to the practical need of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.

21. The word “this” in line 10, paragraph 2 refers to which of the following?

A. Creating and passing on knowledge. B. Drilling and learning by rote. C. Disciplining students. D. Developing moral principles.

22. According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to ________.

A. discuss moral issues B. study the classics, rhetoric, and music C. study overseas D. work more independently

23. It can be inferred from the passage that before 1850, all of the following were characteristic of higher education EXCEPT __________. A. the elective system B. drilling

28

C. strict discipline D. rote learning

24. Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. Learning is best achieved through discipline and drill.

B. Shaping the moral character of students should be the primary goal. C. Higher education should prepare students to contribute to society. D. Teachers should select their students’ courses. 7. There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a

gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of

censuses (统计数字) --- all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability. Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting （描绘）, and describing

collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level --- variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum --- or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy(庞大的) mass of data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of

observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire

district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population. 25. With what is the passage mainly concerned?

A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics. B. Applications of inferential statistics. C. The development and use of statistics. D. How to use descriptive statistics.

26. The word “squarely” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by _______. A. solidly B. geometrically C. rectangularity D. haphazardly

27. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?

A. It reduces large amounts of data to a more comprehensible form.

29

B. It is based on probability.

C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics. D. It measures only qualitative differences.

28. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population? A. To compare different groups.

B. To predict characteristics of the entire population.

C. To detect differences not observable in the whole population. D. To compile more accurate data. 8.

The permanent conversion of farmland to urban and industrial development is a major concern today. Accurate data on the rate of such losses are not available, but estimates of the area of land absorbed for every increase of 1000 in the urban population vary from about 10 to 400 hectares. The higher figure includes urban fringe land alienated from agriculture by land speculation and resulting high prices. If an average figure of 80 hectares for every

increase of 100 in the urban population is used, the perjected permanent conversion of land to urban development in Quebec and Ontario between now and the year 2000 is 300,000 bectares and 500,000 hectares respectively. More than half of this land is good agricultural land in climatically favorable areas. Around Montreal, for instance, 8700 hectares of the best agricultural land in Quebec is being lost to development each year. Equally serious may be the loss of farmland to low-density rural housing, but no firm data are available.

There is a similar trend in Western Canada. About 40,000 hectares of B.C. farmland were lost to urban development between 1962 and 1972. In Alberta, over 16,000 hectares of prime land were absorbed in the course of seven years by the cities of Edmonton and Calgary, and there is evidence that smaller towns on the Prairies are consuming farmland at up to twice the rate, per unit population, of the big cities. The areas mentioned may not seem impressive in relation to the total area of farmland in Canada, and it is true that few statistics are

available on the rates of loss of farmland. However, the picture is clear enough to provide the basis for rational choices.

It must be remembered that only tiny areas of Canada, less than one per cent, have climates and soils suitable for the production of corn and soft fruits. Most of these valuable parcels of land are in the path of rapid urban and industrial growth. Productive farmland close to the city is basic insurance against future events such as food shortages and high prices that would result from: (a) a dramatic increase in the world’s population by 2000 A.D.; (b) a climatic shift such as a decrease of even a degree or two in the mean annual temperature; (c) a series of dry years; or (d) increasingly high transportation costs due to energy shortages.

Because of its “ greenbelt ” character, farmland is also of immeasurable aesthetic value. City dwellers will often drive for miles to experience an orchard in blossom and enjoy the rural scene. Wildlife ecologists have persuaded us of the value of preserving endangered species like the whooping crane and of the necessity of selecting of selecting pipeline routes that will not disturb migrating animals like the caribou. Surely it is not too much to expect that we recognize the necessity of preserving for agriculture the prime farmland close to cities such as Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

29. We are told that productive farmland near cities would _________.

A. prevent possible food shortages B. keep present food prices high

30

C. encourage even more urban growth D. increase the value of urban fringe land 30. We are told that in smaller towns on the Prairies, farmland is being consumed ________.

A. in proportion to increased land speculation B. at the rate of 16,000 hectares every 7 years

C. principally by low-density rural housing D. at a faster rate than in the big cities 31. Figures on the loss of agricultural land may not seem “impressive” because _________.

A. there is such a large amount of farmland in Canada B. the problem only affects Eastern Canada

C. only crops such as corn and soft fruits are affected D. people do not know the real extent of the problem 32. The author concludes by asking his readers __________.

A. to propose solutions to the problem

B. to learn to appreciate the aesthetic value of farmland

C. to refrain from disturbing the animals when they visit farms D. to support the preservation of farmland near big cities 9.

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had

anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of \"Knowledge\" at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild--and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

33. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage? A. They probably had extensive knowledge of plants. B. They thought there was no need to cultivate crops. C. They did not enjoy the study of botany.

D. They placed great importance on the ownership of property.

34. What does the comment \"This is logical\" in the first paragraph mean?

31

A. There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestor's knowledge of plants. B. It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants.

C. It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in pre-industrial societies.

D. Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.

35. According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany begun to fade? A. People no longer value plants as a useful resource. B. Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science.

C. Research is unable to keep up with the increasing numbers of plants. D. Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.

36. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture? A. The invention of agricultural implements and machinery. B. The development of a system of names for plants.

C. The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted. D. The changing diets of early humans. 10.

In the town of Peppard, a computer helps firemen. The computer contains information about every one of the 15 000 street addresses in the town. When firemen answer a call, the computer gives them important information about the building. The computer can give the location of the building and its size, type and contents. In fact, the computer system has many different ways of helping fire fighters with their problems. For example, it can give medical information about sick people living in a burning building. With this information, the firemen can take special care to find these sick people and remove them quickly and safely from the building.

The speed at which the computer works is amazing. Within 2 or 3 seconds after a call is received, the computer provides necessary information for the firemen. The information is then sent to them by radio from computer center in Town Hall.

The computer system also contains a medical record of each of the town’s 110 firemen. This kind of information is especially useful when a fire fighter is injured. With this medical information, doctors at the hospital can treat the injured firemen more quickly and easily. The firemen themselves are grateful for the computer’s help. The computer tells them about possible dangers ahead of them and helps them prepare for these dangers. Many times the computer information helps to save lives and property. Sometimes the lives are those of firemen themselves.

37. The computer helps firemen in the following ways EXCEPT

A. locating the building on fire. B. Giving information on address. B. locating firemen’s problems. D. providing medical care. 38. The speed of the computer is amazing because

A. it can provide information very quickly. B. it can provide necessary information.

C. the information is sent to firemen by radio. D. the computer center is situated in Town Hall.

39. Why does the computer contain medical records of firemen?

A. They predict possible dangers for firemen.

32

B. They help doctors in treating injured firemen. C. They can save property and people’s lives.

D. They predict important information about injuries. 40. The main idea of the passage is about

A. firemen and firefighting. B. necessary medical information. C. the usefulness of computer. D. the quick speed of computer. 11.

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the money needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term loans, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. They do this by issuing stocks and shares through the stock exchange. By doing so, they can put into use the savings of individuals and institutions.

When the saver wants to have his money back, he does not have to go to the company which has borrowed his money. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.

Many of the services needed both by industry, and by each of us are provided by

Government. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, etc., the country couldn’t function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government and industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, go to the stock exchange.

There is hardly a man or woman in the country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employer to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The stock exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need money.

41. Companies must _______ for money for long-term development.

A. go to banks B. ask other organizations C. turn to the public D. go to acquaintances 42. The stock exchange manages

A. company business. B. company shares. C. company projects. D. company profits. 43. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A. The authorities provide many necessary services. B. Hospital, railways etc. are essential to a country.

C. The Government needs to borrow from the stock exchange. D. Taxes can raise all the money needed for improvement. 44. The main idea of the passage is about

A. functions of the stock exchange. B. company financial needs. C. roles of the stockbroker. D. essential public services.

33

12.

It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5 00 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East. The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics which distinguished them as truly urban. The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function was clearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages. In the cities, the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a complex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of labor. Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind.

When the basis of city life was established in Europe, the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the Middle East, via the civilizations of Greece and Rome. We can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city. The first of these is the medieval phase, which extends from the beginning of the 11th century A.D. to about 1 500. The second is the renaissance and Baroque phase, which can be traced from about 1 500 to the beginning of the 19th century. The third is the modern phase, extending from the early the 19th century to the present day.

Every medieval city began as a small settlement which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point. This would often be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a

cathedral or a large church. In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met. In studies of urban geography, the oldest part of a town is referred to as the nuclear settlement. There are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement. It is, of course, much more difficult to do this in the case of a large modern city which has grown to many times its original size.

45. The ancient cities were characterized by all the following EXCEPT

A. larger populations. B. different locations. C. different roles. D. different social classes.

46. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A. West European cities established their own urban tradition.

B. West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East. C. Cities appeared earlier in the Middle East than in Greece and Rome. D. West European and Middle East cities went to through the same phases. 47. Which of the following could be regarded as a geographical focal point?

A. A town hall. B. A vegetable garden. C. A local cafeteria. D. An open market. 13.

In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the U.S. Costs are going up rapidly both for the taxpayers and the litigants (诉讼当事人)— and the litigants, or parties in lawsuit, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been put forward concerning methods of improving the situation, but as in most branches of the Government, changes come slowly.

34

One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have too many waiting cases to borrow judges from other districts.

Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets with litigants and their lawyers in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence.

Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts. The proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of lawyers. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护)—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By doing so, the plaintiff （原告） gives up any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.

48. The judicial system is considered inadequate because of

A. high costs and long delays. B. high taxes and long delays. C. slow changes and high taxes. D. high costs and high taxes. 49. The pretrial conference is supposed to

A. reduce court costs. B. increase court costs.

C. raise court efficiency. D. cut the number of litigants. 50. In small-claims courts the litigants

A. state their claims in detail. B. appear without legal advisors. C. can later go to a jury trial. D. have to pay high court costs. 51. The main topic of the passage is about

A. suggestions on how to make legal claims. B. ways to produce court evidence. C. ways to deal with the judge in court. D. methods to improve court efficiency. 14.

If you are buying a property in France, whether for a permanent or a holiday home, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to exist on traveler’s checks, Eurochecks and credit cards issued by British banks, the fees for these services can be expensive.

The simplest way to pay regular bills, such as electricity, gas or telephone, particularly when you are not in residence, is by direct debit (a sum withdrawn from an account) from your French account.

To open a current account, you will need to show your passport and birth certificate and to provide your address in the United Kingdom. You will be issued with a checkbook within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated in credit. However, there are no bank charges.

Note that checks take longer to clear in France than in Britain, and can only be stopped if stolen or lost. The easiest way to transfer money from a British bank account to a French one is by bank transfer: simply provide your British bank with the name, address and number of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and costs between ₤5 and ₤40 for each transaction, depending on your British bank. Alternatively, you can transfer money via a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling check (allow at least 12 days for the check to be cleared), Eurochecks or traveler’s checks.

Finally, it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager. His help can prove invaluable. 52. If you buy a property in France, you can save money by

A. having a French account. B. transferring money from Britain.

35

C. cashing traveler’s checks or Eurochecks. D. using credit cards issued by British banks.

53. One advantage French banks have over British banks is that

A. you may take out more money than is in the account. B. the interest rates on bank accounts are higher. C. checks are dealt with more quickly. D. you do not have to pay for services.

54. The swiftest way to send money from England to France is

A. to forward an English check to your French bank. B. to go to a French bank in London.

C. to use a cashier’s check. D. to arrange a bank transfer. 55. The best title for this passage is

A. How to Open a French Bank Account.

B. The Difference between Banking in Britain and France. C. The Way to Transfer Money from Britain to France. D. A Guide to Banking in France.

15.

Does a drink a day keep heart attacks away Over the past 20 years, numerous studies have found that moderate alcohol consumption – say, one or two beers, glasses of wine or cocktails daily –helps to prevent coronary heart disease. Last week a report in the New England Journal of Medicine added strong new evidence in support of that theory. More important, the work provided the first solid indication of how alcohol works to protect the heart.

In the study, researchers from Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School compared the drinking habits of 340 men and women who had suffered recent heart attacks with those of healthy people of the same age and sex. The scientists found that the people who sip one to three drinks a day are about half as likely to suffer heart attacks as nondrinkers are. The apparent source of the protection: those who drank alcohol had higher blood levels of high-density lipoproteins(脂蛋白)，the so-called good cholesterol(胆固醇)，which is known to repel heart disease.

As evidence has mounted, some doctors have begun recommending a daily drink for patients of heart diseases. But most physicians are not ready to recommend a regular happy hour for everyone. The risks of teetotalling are nothing compared with the dangers of too much alcohol, including high blood pressure, strokes and liver troubles – not to mention violent behavior and traffic accidents. Moreover, some studies suggest that even moderate drinking may increase the incidents of breast and colon(结肠)cancer. Until there is evidence that the benefits of a daily dose of alcohol outweigh the risks, most people won’t be able to take a doctor’s prescription to the neighborhood bar or liquor store. 56. The medical article quoted in the passage demonstrate

A. the way in which alcohol can help the heart.

B. how a couple of cocktails daily can stop heart problems. C. why alcoholic drinks are dangerous to one’s health.

D. the report on the advantages of alcohol were misfounded. 57. Experiments showed that nondrinkers had

A. larger amount of good cholesterol. B. smaller amounts of good cholesterol. C. higher blood pressure. D. lower blood pressure.

36

2. According to the passage, moderate drinking

A. is recommended by most doctors for heart patients. B. should be allowed on prescription. C. is still not medically advisable. D. is not related to liver problems. 3. The main theme of this passage is

A. the change in recent drinking habits.

B. the connection between cancer and alcohol. C. whether moderate drinkers outlive nondrinkers. D. whether alcohol may be good for your health. 16.

In its 13 years, the London Marathon has acquired a pedigree of excellence. That excellence is not just the awesome energy of the best runners and the smoothness of the organization, but also the quality of determination shown by all the competitors, males and females, able-bodied and disabled. When more than 26,000 gather at Greenwich tomorrow morning, only a few will be in the running to win the big prize money. The success pf this event is that most of the athletes would be prepared to pay serious money just for the privilege of running the 26 miles 385 yards to The Mall past the most famous urban scenery in the world.

The London Marathon has become one of Britain’s leading sports events. Since 1981, something like 45 million has been raised in individual sponsorship for charities. Tomorrow hundreds of thousands of people will line the route to cheer and to gasp in sympathetic participation. Millions will watch on television. Although they will be excited by the struggle for first place, they will also identify with the ordinary person trying to fulfill his or her physical potential. Many spectators will wonder whether next year they could complete the historic distance. That is how athletic dreams are born. If the London Marathon and the growth in interest in physical fitness have transformed the lives of many adults, it is also important that children should have the opportunity to fulfill their ability in individual competitive sports.

Team games should be an essential ingredient of physical education in the national curriculum. However, coexisting with the playing of team games there should be an equal emphasis on the importance pf individual competitive sports in all levels in schools.

The Government must be careful that in insisting on the value of team games in schools, it does not ignore the value of individual activities, which are practiced throughout the world and form the basis of the Olympic Games. Many of the runners in the London Marathon tomorrow have found courage, fulfillment and fitness through training for the event. These are qualities that schoolchildren can, and should, acquire through a variety of demanding individual activities in physical education. 4. In order to enter the Marathon, participants must

A. pay an entrance fee. B. assemble in one specific area.

C. be able to run 26 miles, 385 yards. D. compete for the right to take part. 5. The main attraction of the Marathon for non-participants is

A. the amount of money raised for charity. B. the chance to take part the following year. C. witnessing the constants’ determination. D. a concern with the race’s history. 6. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. Individual sports are as important as team games.

B. Individual sports are more important than team games.

37

C. Individual sports are less important than team games. D. It is hard to say which is less or more important.

7. According to the writer, the Government’s policy on physical education

A. should not promote team games at all.

B. upholds the principles of the Olympic Games.

C. is active in producing successful Marathon participants.

D. should encourage those qualities pursued by Marathon participants.

17.

On the track, the form embodies power, each curve and line is moulded for speed. For the man at the wheel is the fastest athlete in the world today: Linford Christie, European, Commonwealth and World champion, who has just taken delivery of his new car, the latest version of the Toyota Supra. It is a conspicuously fast car. The result perfectly matches Christie’s own character, and shares his inability to compromise when it comes to delivering performance.

The Supra, priced a few pence short of ₤39,000, is rumored to be capable of 180 mph, but the speed is artificially limited to 155 mph. From a standing start, it can reach 60 mph in under 5 seconds.

The Supra might raise Christie’s profile with the police, but if he is pulled over nowadays it is usually by an officer seeking a chat and an autograph rather than anything more official. After an incident in1988 when he was stopped, he prosecuted the police and won ₤30,000 compensation for wrongful arrest.

Safety is high on the list of Supra extras, with driver and passenger airbags; antilock braking; electric traction control to avoid wheel-spin; side impact door beams; and a steering column that collapses to protect the driver in an accident. Then there is the six-speed gearbox; cruise control; air-conditioning; alarm and immobiliser.

Christie, the British athletics team captain since 1990, will enjoy the comfort of the Supra during a hectic few weeks this June and July when he visits Sheffield, Wales, Gateshead, Wrexham, Edinburgh, Crystal Palace and then Gateshead again, as his season builds towards the Commonwealth Games in August and the World Cup in September.

8. The Supra is a suitable car for Linford Christie because

A. it is an expensive model. B. it has high standards. C. it helps promote sports. D. it is very safe. 9. On the subject of speed, the car can travel

A. at a maximum of 180 mph. B. at the same speed as the previous model. C. as a maximum of 155 mph. D. faster than the previous model. 10. Nowadays if Christie is stopped by the police it is

A. because he drives very fast. B. because he is not a thoughtful driver. C. often for informal reasons. D. due to what happened in 1988. 11. According to the writer, the Supra’s most outstanding feature is its

A. six-speed gearbox. B. alarm system. C. air conditioning. D. safety features.

18.

I am going to mobilize public opinion sufficiently to bring to the very top of the nation’s conservation agenda the severely endangered species I have in mind. I think all I ask now, is that the mangel-wuzel be not allowed to die out.

38

The mangel has been a great friend to the traditional British farmer. It is the easiest of crops to grow and is seemingly resistant to any disease. There is a price to be paid in that it is a delicate crop that cannot be lifted by machine or it will be bruised and rot, so has to be hauled by hand which is expensive. But why, just because it is a sensitive soul, should it be allowed to pass away

I have now grown five crops and each has been better than the previous one. I had high hopes that we might achieve that happy state, where the mangels were so huge it took two men to lift one. But my dreams lie shattered across the desks of the seed merchants who insist there is no mangel seed to be found.

Things have been on the decline for some years. A catalogue from the 1930s listed more than 30 varieties, yet the most I have ever been offered is a choice of two. This year there is no choice at all. The next question that arises is how I am going to break this to the livestock, and to the cows in particular who have done spectacularly well when winter arrives and I stopped feeding them corn and gave them mengels instead. How can I bring myself, next New Year, to offer them miserable pellets of something indescribable when they have spent the whole autumn looking forward to the day when their jaws will sink into that crisp, ruddy root and the sweet juices will flow?

The seed suppliers tell me things will be better next year but I am not certain I trust them. Our only hope now is to create a demand of mangels, make them into a fashion item, get them into Habitat. As a crop, they would be quite easy to grow in a garden and whilst not the most attractive of border plants they make wonderful wine, I am told.

This may all sound far-fetched, but the situation is serious and demands an urgent and imaginative response: any ideas you may have would be welcome. My Farmers Cyclopedia of 1912 tells me that mangel-wuzel means, roughly translated from German, “root of scarcity”. Let us hope that it does not live up to its name.

12. There is a severe shortage of mangel-wuzel owing to

A. a crop infection. B. growing difficulties. C. production cost. D. a lack of seed.

13. In which season is mangel-wuzel fed to the animals 14. 15.

A. Summer. B. Autumn. C. Winter. D. Spring. 16. The author’s next move in defense of the mangel is

A. to rely on the seed supplies.

B. to get his cows to eat another type of crop. C. to make it seem stylish to grow mangel. D. to introduce a new variety of mangel-wuzel. 17. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is

A. to explain the origins of the mangel. B. to appeal for help in saving the mangel

C. to discourage the domestic growth of the mangel. D. D. to promote the production of mangel-wuzel wine

19.

Sailors, and fishermen in particular, have always been extremely superstitious. This is hardly surprising

when one considers the changeable nature of the sea where, even today with sophisticated weather-

39

forecasting techniques, a sudden storm can blow up quite unexpectedly. In the days before radio and engines, where there could be no long-distance communication with another ship or land, and when sails were the only means of movement, it was only natural for the sailor to take every precaution to avoid offending the gods who controlled the sea.

One way of pleasing these gods was to make an annual offering. This custom survives in the ceremony of blessing the sea, which can still be seen once a year in some fishing ports.

Next to pleasing the sea-gods, the most important thing for the sailor was to know that his boat was free from evil influences. The time to make sure of this was at the launching ceremony. It is clear that the well-known custom of launching a ship by breaking a bottle of champagne against the side goes back a very long way. The purpose of it is to keep away evil spirits rather than to ask for the sea-god’s protection.

Starting on a new voyage or fishing trip was a dangerous business at the best of times. Once the fishermen had set out for his ship, he dared not, on any account, to look back. It was bad luck even to call after him, so if he had forgotten anything, someone had to run after him and put the object into his hands.

Bad luck could also result from some chance meeting on the way to the boats. In some countries, it was considered particularly unlucky to meet a priest, a rabbit or a woman. In such an event, the only thing to do was to turn and sail the next day.

18. What made sailors and fishermen superstitious?

A. Their own changeable natures. B. The unreliable nature of the sea. C. The difficult of communicating with land.

D. The inadequate techniques of weather forecasting. 73. The fishermen tried to please the sea-gods by______.

A. giving them presents every year. B. going long distance with only sails.

C. cleaning the fishing ports every year. D. Avoiding communicating with other ships. 74. Sailors broke a bottle of champagne against the side of the boat_______. A. to protect it from bad spirits. B. to ask for sea-gods’ protection. C. so that the ship could go a very long way. D. so that they could start drinking and eating.

75. What happened of a fisherman forgot something when starting on a trip?

A. He went back for it. B. Someone called him back for it. C. He looked behind him and tried to find it. D. Someone gave it to him without speaking.

76. If a fisherman met a woman on the way to his boat______. A. he wouldn’t blame her. B. he should turn his back on her.

C. he wouldn’t go fishing that day. D. he should come back the next day.

20.

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and

organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change

40

because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the nonmaterial, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex one; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies (一分为二). This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

77. The passage is mainly discussing___________ A. two different societies

B. the necessity of social change

C. certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occur D. certain factors that promote social change

78. _____is one of the factors that tend to promote social change. A. Joint interest B. Advanced technology C. Less emotional people D. Different points of view

79. The expression \"greater tolerance\" (paragraph 1) refers to ____________. A. \"greater willingness to accept social change\" B. \"quicker adaptation to changing circumstances\"

C. \"more respect for different beliefs and behaviors\" D. \"greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas\" 80. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true

A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society. B. Disagreement with and argument about conditions tends to slow down social change. C. Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.

D. Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young. 81. Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because____________.

A. people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it nec-essary to change

B. people there have identical needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty C. people there are easy to please

D. people there are less disputable 21.

41

Stress may be, defined as the response of the body to any demand. Whenever people experience something pleasant or unpleasant, we say they are under stress. We call the pleasant kind \"eustress\

People sometimes compare our lives with that of the cave man, who didn't have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb. They forget that the caveman worried about being eaten by a bear or about dying of hunger—things that few people worry about today. It's not that people suffer more stress today; it's just that they think they do.

It is inconceivable that anyone should have no stress at all. Most people who are

ambitious and want to accomplish something live on stress. They need it. But excessive stress is by all means harmful. Worse, chronic exposure to stress over a long-time may cause more serious diseases and may actually shorten your life.

The most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological--lack of adaptability, not having a code of behavior. So the secret of coping with stress is not to avoid it but to do what you like to do and what you were made to do at your own rate. For most people, it is really a matter of learning how to behave in various situations. The most important thing is to have a code of life, to know how to live.

82. The modern man is suffering _____. A. more stress than the cave man B. less stress than the cave man C. different stress from the cave man D. same stress as the cave man 83. Which of the following is an example that causes eustress?

A. Lacking in adaptability and code of life. B. Killing a bear in hunting.

C. The failure to pass final examinations. D. Having an economic problem.

84. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Every one will suffer certain kinds of stress in his life. B. Chronic exposure to stress may shorten your life. C. Excessive stress is especially harmful to health. D. Most people can learn to avoid stress.

85. In the second sentence of the third paragraph, \"live on stress\" implies that _____. A. stress is necessary to them B. stress is by all means harmful to them C. they have too much stress D. they can control stress 86. According to this passage, one should______. A. try to avoid as much stress as possible . B. cope with stress in different ways C. learn to do things at his own rate

D. have the response of the body to any demand 22.

Charles Ives, now acclaimed as the first great American composer of the twentieth century, had to wait many years for the recognition he deserved. The son of a bandmaster, Ives entered Yale at twenty to study composition with Horatio Parker, but after graduation, he did not choose to pursue a career in music. He suspected correctly that the public would

42

not accept the music he wrote. Even the few conductors and performers he tried to interest in his compositions felt that they were unplayable. Instead, he became a successful insurance executive, building his company into the largest agency in the country in only two decades. Even during that busy time, he still dedicated himself to composing music in the evenings, on weekends, and during vacations. Although he occasionally hired musicians to play one of his works privately for him, he usually heard his music only in his imagination.

After he recovered from a serious heart attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his ideas, especially the use of dissonance and special effects, were just too different for the musical mainstream. Determined to share his music with the few people who might appreciate it, he published his work privately and distributed it free.

In 1939, when Ives was sixty-five, American pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in Town Hall. The reviews were laudatory. One reviewer proclaimed it \"the greatest music composed by an American”. By 1947, Ives was famous. His Second Symphony was presented to the public in a performance by the New York Philharmonic, fifty years after it had been written. The same year, Ives received the Pulitzer Prize. He was seventy-three. 87. Why didn't the public appreciate Ives' music?

A. It was not performed for a long time.

B. It was very different from the music of the time. C. The performers did not play it well. D. He did not write it down.

88. The phrase \"became reconciled to\" in Line 10 is closest in meaning to ________. A. accepted B. repeated C. disputed D. neglected . How did Ives make a living for most of his life?

A. He conducted a band. C. He owned an insurance company. 90. How did Ives first share his music?

B. He taught musical composition. D. He published music.

A. By publishing free copies. B. By playing it himself. C. By hiring musicians to perform. D. By teaching at Yale 91. How was the performance of Concord Sonata received?

A. There were no reviews.

B. The musicians felt it was unplayable. C. The public would not accept it.

D. It established Ives as an important composer. 23.

Awareness of earthquake hazards is now well developed in many countries, and the U. S. Geological Survey has recently published a map showing the relative probability of

earthquake activity for various areas in the United States. The major hazard represented by seismic (地震的) events along the great earthquake belts of the world has now been clearly recognized, and a great deal of research money and effort is being directed toward

earthquake prediction and possible control. Active fault (断层) systems, such as the San

43

Andreas fault in California, are carefully monitored for observable changes that could indicate a possible earthquake. Although the nature of earthquakes and earthquake belts are

relatively well understood, the possibility of accurately predicting major earthquakes, much less controlling them, still appears remote.

Probably the most interesting development in this field relates to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes near Denver, Colorado. In 1962 injection of fluid wastes into the Precambrian basement rocks nearly 4000m below the ground surface was followed by a

series of small earthquakes. Studies of this phenomenon have indicated that the injected fluid lubricated a fault under stress and thereby promoted release of seismic energy.

Experimentation at the site is still going on, but the connection between the fluid injection and earthquake activity was quickly realized. Accordingly, the suggestion has been made that potentially destructive earthquakes could be converted into numerous nondestructive minor earthquakes by using fluid injection techniques. Thus, although man has no hope whatever of controlling the major earth movements that lead to earthquakes, he may in some cases be able to influence the manner in which earthquake energy is dissipated. 92. What are earthquake belts?

A. Maps that show where earthquakes are likely. B. Zones with a high probability of earthquakes.

C. Breaks between two sections of the earth's surface. D. The two layers of earth along a fault. 93. The San Andreas fault is_______.

A. an active fault system

B. a place where earthquakes have been predicted accurately C. a place where earthquakes have been controlled D. the location of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal

94. At the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, what did scientists learn about earthquakes?

A. They occur at about 4000 meters below ground level.

B. The injection of water into earthquake faults prevents earthquakes from occurring. C. They are usually caused by oil in the faults.

D. It is possible that harmful earthquakes can be prevented by causing small, harmless earthquakes.

95. What can be said about the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?

A. They have no practical value in earthquake prevention. B. They may have practical value in earthquake prevention.

C. They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention.

D. The article does not say anything about their practical value in earthquake prevention. 96. The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage would be________.

A. Earthquake Prevention and Control B. New Ways of Controlling Earthquakes C. Earthquakes Prediction and Control D. New Ways of Preventing Earthquakes

IV Translation

44

Chinese to English

1. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重实并对其做出解释。

2. 当干旱到来之时，庄家枯死了，牛群把已经枯竭的水井周围的草啃光了。这片脆弱的

土地很快失去了表层土壤，成为布满沙尘的不毛之地。

3. 你会允许你的孩子随便读他们的书而不首先检查书的内容吗你会随便带你的孩子去看

电影而不首先搞清楚这部片子对他们是否合适吗

4．事实上，爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著是不难懂的。但是除了学习爱因斯

坦的理论外，他对于利用科学作为一种工具来人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的。

5．男人和女人根据他们自身的社会、经济、宗教背景和其他因素，自由选择结婚的对

象。虽然他们和他们的父母、姐妹和兄弟有紧密的联系，但最紧密的还是他们俩的感情。

6. 他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，

更不用说各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。可是，有些人则认为这恰恰是危险之所在。

7. 通常，北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事，他们不应说谎。如果说谎，他们

应该感到内疚。在欧美文化中，对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是使用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然后通过他们自己的行为，父母也会高树孩子，在某些情况下，大多数人确实也会说谎。

8. 这些年轻人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影响的情况反

而使他们更坚定地各行其是。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。

9．啊哈，钱！也许这就是唯一像性本身一样能使两性之间的生活复杂化的东西。当一个

女人的收入高于她的配偶时，生活就会变得复杂了。即使是最开明的男士也会感到妻子挣的钱比他多对他是威胁。

10. 正如我们用焦虑来描绘一种典型的心态一样，焦虑与饥、损失、暴力以及死亡的恐惧

感完全不同。焦虑是一种在即可将发生的、导致生命危险的恐怖事件消失时所出现的正常情感。此类恐怖事件有火山爆发，冷箭袭击，背后挨刀以及其他灾难。

Key to Grammar and Vocabulary

1. Grammar and Vocabulary

I. DDBDD CBCBC ADCCC BDDCB CBDDA 2. BAAAB CAABC BBACD DAABC DDBCD 3, DBCAA BCADD AACDC CCBBC BCCBD 4. DBAAC BDDAC BBAAB CAAAC DABAA

5. BACCD ACBCB CBBCB DABAC BDBAD CABCD 6. BDAAC BBDBD BDBCD DACAB CABA C DDCBB 7. ABBDD CCABC DBAAD BCDDB DAAAB BAADB 8 BBBCC ACABD DBACB DABDC DBADC BDACD 9. CBCBD ADBAC DBADB CAADC BABCA 10. CBADC BDCAB CBCBD ABDBA BADCB

45

II. Cloze

1. CADDC DADBA DBCAB 2. BDACC ABAAD CCADB 3. DBDAC DBADA BCCAA 4. ABCBD ABDCB CDBAC 5. ABCAD BACDB ABCDA 6. BDADC BCBAA DDBCA 7. DABCD CABAD CBCDB 8. CADBB CADCB ACACC 9. BDCBD ACCBD BBAAD

III. Reading Comprehension

1. CABC 2. BDDC 3. DCCD 4. CABD 5. DBCC 6. ADAC 7. CAAB 8. ADAD 9. ABDC 10. DABC 11. CBDA 12. BCD

13. ACBD 14. ADDD 15. ABCD 16. ACAD 17. BCCD 18. DCCB 19. BAADC 20. BBACB 21. CBBAB 22. BACAD 23. BABCC

IV Translation

Chinese to English

1. While there are almost as many as definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

2. When the drought came, the crops failed and the cattle ate all the grass around the

overworked wells. The fragile land quickly lost its topsoil and became nothing but sand and dust.

3. Would you allow your children to read any book they wanted to without first checking its contents

Would you take your children to see any film without first finding out weather it is suitable for them?

4. Actually, Einstein’s theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein’s theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

5．Men and women are free to choose a marriage partner from their own social, economic, or religious background or outside it. Although there may be strong ties with parents, sisters, or brothers, the strongest feelings are between the two people themselves. 6. All they have to so is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. Some people, however, maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.

7. It’s common for North American parents to tell their children that lying is bad, that they shouldn’t do it and should feel guilty if they do. In Euro-American cultures, a traditional punishment for a child who lies is to wash the child’s mouth out with soap. Yet through

46

their actions, parents also teach their children that there are circumstances under which most people do lie.

8. These young people are setting new patterns for the relation of the individual to the society about him. The condition of being unimpressed by authorities and elders has

thrown them back more resolutely on themselves. They are similarly unimpressed by time-honored conventions.

9. Aha. Money! It’s probably the only thing that complicates life between the sexes as much as sex. And when a woman makes more of it than her man, life really gets complicated. Even the most liberated man can feel threatened by a woman who earns more than he does.

10. Anxiety, as we have come to use it to describe our characteristic state of mind, can be contrasted with the active fear of hunger, loss, violence and death. Anxiety is the

appropriate emotion when the immediate personal terror – of a volcano, an arrow, a stab in the back and other calamities, all directed against one’s self—disappears.

47