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长句的翻译

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选修课英汉翻译11:长句子的翻译

(2008-11-30 22:54:32) 转载 标签:

杂谈

1. 将下列句子翻译成汉语,注意顺译法的运用:

1). But as the song surged up in increasing loudness, even the most timid lost their fear and joined in, and all the things that King had said at the meeting in the ball-room, things that they hadn’t believed or had only half believed, became suddenly and powerfully true. 但是当歌声越来越响的时候,连那些最胆小的人也没有什么恐惧了,他们也跟着唱起来,金在舞厅里开会时所说的一切,那些他们曾经不相信或半信半疑的话,忽然很有力地变成是真正的了。

2). It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man–induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife ---- whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors ---- are undesirable. 很难使人们一致认为:人为加剧野生动物的濒危和灭绝,不论是由于生态环境的变化或消失、污染、对狩猎控制不力,还是由于其他因素,都是不受欢迎的。

3). Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation (MFN) clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations’ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 关贸总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国(MFN)条款。按照该条款,每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进出口货物的待遇至少应和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。

4). We faced the question in 1978, as to some extent we still do today: Can two nations as different as ours ---- yours one of the oldest civilizations on earth, mine one of the youngest; yours a socialist state and mine committed to capitalism; yours a developing country and mine a developed one ---can two nations surmount and indeed draw upon these differences to build an unprecedented and distinctive relationship in world affairs? 我们在1978年乃至今天在某种程

度上面临的问题仍然是:我们两国迥然不同,贵国是地球上最老的文明古国之一,而我们是最年轻的国家之一;贵国是社会主义国家,而我国致力于资本主义;贵国是发展中国家,而我国是发达国家;像这样的两个国家是否能够超越这些差异并利用它在世界事物中建立一种前所未有的、独具特色的关系?

5). Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labour, tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers, with their wives and children, were forced into the cities in search of work, any work, under any condition, that would keep them alive. 于是,就出现了这样的情况,正当新办的工厂纷纷成立,需要劳动力的时候,成千上万无家可归,饥肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者,携带家眷,被迫流入城市,他们要找活儿干,不管什么活儿,不讲什么条件,只要不让他们饿死就行。

6). Asked recently why the British spend less lavishly on luxuries than the Italians or the French, Philippe Leopold-Metzger, who was then the London head of the French jeweler Cartier, had a ready reply: House prices and school fees. 最近有人问,为什么英国人在奢侈品上花钱没有意大利人和法国人气派,对此,菲利普.利奥波德梅茨格,原法国珠宝商卡蒂埃伦敦地区负责人脱口而出地/很敏捷地回答:因为房屋的价格和学校的费用。

7). Advice on British school-fee planning is also available from independent advisers Bain Clarkson Financial Services, Fraser Marr, Invest for School Fees, School Fees Insurance Agency, Towry Law Financial Planning, Johnson Fry Financial Services and Whitehead & Partners. 就英国学校费用的安排提出建议的还有一些公司:贝恩.克拉克森金融服务公司、弗雷泽.马尔公司、学校费用投资公司、学校费用保险公司、托里.劳金融策划公司、约翰逊.弗赖金融服务公司和怀特黑德伙伴公司。

8). The area became a “bloody half mile” for three or four hours; street cars stopped, and Negroes, without regard to age and sex, were pulled off and stoned clubbed and kicked, and mob leaders calmly shot and killed Negroes who were lying in blood in the street. 有三、四个小时,这个地方成了“一片半英里长的血泊”;电车被拦住了,凡是黑人不分男女老幼都被拉下车来,他们被人用石头砸,用棍子打,用脚踢。暴徒头子还要不声不响地把那些已经躺在血泊里的黑人开打死。

9). If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果作父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

10). Average fees for both boarding and day schools rose about 4 percent in the year ending in September 1993, after increases of 8.5 percent in the previous year and more than 12 percent in each of the previous two years. 住宿学校和走读学校的平均费用至1993年9月止,上升了40%;而在前1年费用增长率为8.5%,在再前2年费用增长率每年都超过12%。

2. 将下列句子翻译成汉语,注意逆译法的运用:

1). And he knew how ashamed he would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. 他出生在这一类人中间,他出生在这种地方,他有这样的母亲;这些要是让他知道了的话,他会感到多么丢人。

2). This land, which once barred the way of travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder. 这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景物,蔚为奇观;而从前旅游者都只能到此止步。

3). It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越来越难了,这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。

4). He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are thought to want when they grow up: money and power. 所有美国人受的教育是长大后应该追求金钱和权力,而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作,他为之大惑不解。

5). It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他站住,转过身来,定睛一看,是个年迈的妇女,她身材很高,仍然一副好模样,虽然受了时间的折磨而有点憔悴。

6). Although her characters were portrayed in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another. 如果幸福是建立在另一个人的痛苦之上,那就没有人会有幸福。她的这种深切信念全部都反映在一些人生结局通常都很悲惨的人物身上,虽然她笔下的人物出现在多种多样的背景和情节中。

7). Aluminium remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其它元素结合在一起,最普通的是跟氧结合在一起,因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力;由于这个原因,在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝;所以铝直到十九世纪才为人们所知道。

8). It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

9). The method normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes is thermionic emission, in which advantage is taken of the fact that, if a solid body is heated sufficiently, some of the electrons that it contains will escape from its surface into the surrounding space. 固体加热到足够温度时,它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞逸到周围的空间中去;这种现象称热离子放射;通常,电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。

10). You must fix in mind the symbols and formulas, definitions and laws of physics, no matter how complex they may be, when you come in contact with them, in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a solid foundation for further study. 为了更好地了解物理学,并为进一步学习打好稳固的基础,当你接触到物理学上的符号公式、定义和定律的时候,不管它们是多么复杂,你必须把它们牢牢记住。

3. 将下列句子翻译成汉语,注意综合法的运用:

1). In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yan’an. 一九四六年八月,我在回莫斯科老家的途中,第五次路过中国;由于我丈夫已在战争中牺牲了,当时我并不急于回去,就到了延安。

2). A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 在美国有一种根深蒂固的观念,说是只有那些抚养得起子女的人,才应鼓励其生育。

3). Then, by one of those convulsive, motiveless actions by which the wretched leap from temporary sorrow to life – long misery, she determined to marry Adam. 后来,她采取了一个不幸者常常采取的那种快刀斩乱麻德行动:嫁给了亚当,从而陷进了终身的痛苦,为的不过是跳出那一时的悲伤。

4). Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 对于现代科技书籍,特别是教科书来说,要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话,那么就应该每隔较短的时间,将书中的内容重新修改。

5). People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 尽管已接到

命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们还是不敢出门,因为也和其他人一样不知所措和为力。

6). Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or, more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, has been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 人造材料统称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料,这或者是由于天然产品的数量不能满足日益增长的需要,或者往往是人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此合成材料在应用的领域中将具有极大的用途。

7). It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well-being whether or nor exercise adds to the length of life. 不管运动是否能延年益寿,但一定量的运动可以增进健康并使人精神愉快,这一点是人们共有的体验。

8). On account of the accuracy and ease with which resistance measurements may be made and the well-known manner in which resistance varies with temperature, it is common to use this variation to indicate changes in temperature. 我们都知道,电阻的大小是随温度而变化的。用电阻进行测量既精确,有方便。因此,通常都用电阻的变化来表示温度的变化。

9). The law of conservation and transformation of energy is the chief basis of physical,

astronomical and chemical reasoning as well as of engineering practice. 能量守恒和能量转换定律不仅是工程实践的主要基础,而且也是物理、天文以及化学等方面推理的主要基础。

10). We are now once again regarded by other states as a power whose judgement can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on. 我们这个大国的判断是可以相信的,我们这个大国的诺言是可以信赖的;现在其他国家又重新这样看待我们了。

长句的翻译

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,万学海文归纳出以下的一些方法。

(1)顺序法

当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如:

But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)

分析:该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that „”,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to „结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time „是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义:A. 可是现在人们意识到;B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:

可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

(2)逆序法

英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉,即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。

例如:

It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

分析:该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“„„变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:A. „„变的越来越重要;B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们可采用逆序法,翻译成: 因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

(3)包孕法

这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时,把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长,否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。例如:

You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.

您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。

What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.

使我们走到一起的,是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。 (4)分句法

有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语转换成句子,分开来叙述。为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语,也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个的句子,顺序基本不变,前后保持连贯。

Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题) 分析:在此长句中,有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,其中三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上属于同一个句子,但都有的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个的分句,翻译成:

人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

(5)重组法

指在进行英译汉时,为了使译文流畅且更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯,在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上,彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式,对句子进行重新组合。例如:

Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.

必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速做出决策。

(6)综合法

上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要综合使用到各种方法,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。再如,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:

People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

分析:该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;B: 尽管已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C: 也和其他人一样不知所措和为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果。按照汉语习惯顺序,我们可将句子翻译为: 尽管已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为也和其他人一样不知所措和为力。

巧译英语长难句(1)

摘要:本文从分析英语长难句的结构人手,对比英汉语言之间的不同,在忠实各自文化原则的基础上,采用直译法,意译法,综合法等方法,准确理解,巧妙翻译长难句。 关键词:分析结构;翻译;方法

英语长难句可以是两个,或几个简单句合并一起的长句,可以是带有修饰性语言的复杂句子。这些长句由于其修饰性语言应用得较多或过长,也就增加了理解和翻译上的难度。在多年的英语教学中,本人发现对如何翻译好英语长句一直让学生感觉困惑和难以理解。英语与汉语是两种截然不同的语言,语法结构各自不同,但句子成分却有相通之处,即都有主语、谓语、宾语等。根据其相同点在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层次意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方式,不必拘泥于原文的形式,正确地译出原文的意思。 如何对英语长句进行分析。一般来说。造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:

(1)找出全句的主干——主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构,使句子简洁化。

(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。

(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

(5)注意插入语等其他成分。

(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。 下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:

例:(1)(The union leaders)(declared)(that the ultimateaim of their struggle was to increase pay and improved workingconditions for the workers.)不难看出在这些括号里的词就是句子的主语、谓语、宾语。句子可以简化为The union leadendeclared+that clause结构。抓住句子的主干后翻译时可先译主干部分。译成“工会领导人宣称„„”再继续分析。我们知道该句共有三个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为declared,was to increase pay,improved,这三个谓语结构之间的关系为:The union leaders declared+that clause结构主句,was to in-crease pay,improved,是宾语从句中的并列谓语。在做了如上的分析之后,我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解,然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法,就可以把该句翻译成汉语为“工会领导人宣称,他们举行罢工的最终目的是增加工人工资,改善工作条件”。

例(2)The pictures that linger in his mind,called up in amoment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new mownhay,are of a simpler nature.很显然,斜体词部分The pictures.are,of a simpler nature这些词是主语,系词,表语,就是句子的主干。这个句子是主、系、表结构。通过对句子的分析,我们可以清楚地把这个长的句子简洁化译成“„图画简洁自然”。再继续分析,斜体词pictures后的词that引起了一个定语从句,同时还作了定语从句的主语,从句中的谓语是linger。该句共有二个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为:linger,is,而called up为分词短语,其它词还有介词短语等都作为状语修饰linger。

这个句子译成汉语为:“那些闻取玫瑰花香或新鲜干草的气息,便会猛然闯入记忆萦绕心头的画面,其实并不复杂。”这里我们将简洁明了转译为“并不复杂”使句子更符合汉语习惯。翻译这样带有定语从句的复杂句子感到困难的根本原因在于汉语的定语结构局限性。它在形式上虽然很接近英语的定语从句,其载荷能力却相差很大,在翻译时要特别注意。再看一个含有定语从句的句子。例(3)Before I knew it,I hadbegun my career in business-a time in my life that I feel waswasted.在这个句中,before引起了时间状语,主句为I had be-gun my career in business-a time in my life that I feel waswasted。主句中含有一个插入成分a time in my life that I feelwas wasted,还出现了that引起的定语从句,分析清楚复杂句子结构形式,句子可以为:“在我了解其真正含义前,我就开始了我的经商生涯——我认为,那是我一生当中的蹉跎岁月”。

例(4)For a family of four,for example,it is more conve-nient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home.with almostunlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of a-musement elsewhere.(85年考研试题)

分析:该句有三个谓语结构,它们之间的关系为:itis more convenient as well as cheaper to„为主体结构,但it是形式主语。真正的主语为第二个谓语结构:to sit comfort-ably at home,并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of a-musement elsewhere作比较。

例(5)Although some experiments show that.as an object be-comes familiar.its

internal representation becomes more holis-tic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis. at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.分析:在Although引导的分句中,谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句,从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomesfamiliar,之后的内容是由and连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子,只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。

例句译为;“虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设,至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说也是这样。”在句子中采用了复杂修饰、插入语、省略等。句子中有一个生词holistic,其实即使不认识,也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词,大约是统一、完整或同时的意思;其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。

综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为“譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便”。

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述。通过对上述句子的分析,我们学会把长难句子简洁化,但只会分析句子是不够的,还需要采用正确的方法进行翻译,才能使英语长难句成为与汉语语言相符的句子。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,我们一般采取下列的方法。

1.按顺序直译法翻译。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例:For instance,following the huge floods of 1998,(the govern-ment)(prohibited)(logging)in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in order to protect forests and reduce flood dangers,在例句中我们看到括号中的词语是句子的主干部分,for…,following…,in the upper…到句末这些词语都是状语部分是对整个句子进行补充,修饰的。分析完句子后再采用顺序法进行翻译,全句可译成“例如,在1998年特大洪水过后,为了保护森林和减少水患,明令禁止在长江上游伐木”。

2.按语意倒序法翻译。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

例:Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth cen-tury.because nowhere in nature is it found free.owing to its al-ways being combined with other elements,most commonly withoxygen.for which it has a strong affinity.

分析:这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句组成,“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主干句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前,果在后,这样,我们可以逆着原文的顺序按汉语语义将该句翻译成“铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现”。 3.按句意以分句方式翻译。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯。有时需要适当增加词语。

例:All they have to do is press a button,and they can seeplays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention po-litical discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考研题)

例句译为:“他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开,就可以看到电视剧、电影、

歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。”

4.直译法,意译法综合使用翻译。事实上在翻译过程中,翻译一个英语长句时。并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用。这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便时,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,与汉语语意结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,才能把英语原文翻译成通顺流畅,忠实汉语习俗的句子。

例:He said that he was assured by the State Departmentthat the U.S.is willing to normalize relations with his country.该句译为:“他说,向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。” 另外,英语中一些固定短语的搭配及词义在翻译中是非常重要,下面就是一些常用的结构及其翻译all but:几乎,差不多as anything:非常地anything but:根本不apart from:除了but for:要不是by far:远不,……得多by no means:根本不bv any means:无论如何due to:由于except for:除了far from:远非in contact with:与……联系instead of:而不是onaccount of:因为on the basis of:根据only to:结果是might/may as well:还是……的好not so much…as:与其说……不如说not really:远不not to mention:更不用说let alone:更不用说no more…than…:和……一样都不no less than:简直是nothing less than:完全是cannot…too…:再……也不过分rather than:而不是owing to:由于It is assumed that:人们认为It is said that:据说It is learned that:据闻It is supposed that:据推测It is considered that:据估计It is believed that:人们认为It is reposed that:据报道It is well-known that:众所周知Itis asserted that:有人断言It is clear/obvious/evident that:很显然It can't be denied that:不可否认It must be admitted that:必须承认It must be pointed that:必须指出等,这些短语准确理解其词义在翻译时起着至关重要的作用。

综上所述,对于英语长难句的翻译时,一定要先从分析句子着手了解句子结构,理解整句的思想。采用灵活变通的翻译方法,将长难句贴近汉语意思,完成翻译。

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