英汉翻译总复习 (2)

英汉翻译总复习

I. Directions: Decide whether the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

1.“以效果而论， 翻译应当像临画一样，所求得不在形似而在神似”。这是鲁迅提出的翻译观点。

2. 玄奘提倡翻译理论和实践相结合，其诸如增补、省略、变位、分合、替代等在今天仍有指导意义。

3. 英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高。汉语的数词使用得多, 因为汉语的成语及缩略语靠数词构成。

4. 英语属于“多枝共干型”或“葡萄串型”，英语句子如“老树参天, 枝杈横生” 句子长，插入成分多， 形成复杂嵌套结构，呈现“右分支” (right-branching )状，“前重心”，即主要信息放在主句中，放在句首，前重后轻，呈“孔雀尾”（头小尾大）状。

5. 一般来讲，在英语句子中，名词和介词占优势，而在汉语中动词占优势。

6. 汉语是一门动词化的语言，而英语主要以名词为主，呈静态特点。

7. 两汉至唐宋时期对佛经的翻译掀起了我国翻译史的第一次翻译高潮。

8. 就英汉对比而言，汉语重语义，英语重结构，汉语多补充，英语多省略。

9． 英汉两种语言分属不同的语系，汉语属于汉臧语系（Sino-Tibetan）英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European）。

10．释道安提出“五失本，三不易”的翻译理论。“三不易”指翻译工作中的三种难事：难得恰当，难得契合，难得正确。

11．玄奘提倡翻译理论和实践相结合，其诸如增补、省略、变位、分合、替代等在今天仍有指导意义。

12. 由于词汇使用频率不对应， 翻译是时不能拘泥与字面的对应， 而应该以整体意义为重，灵活变通。

13．汉语句子属于语义型或意合型 (parataxis)，依仗意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段，“以意统形”，英语句子属于(hypotaxis）语法型或形合型 ，依仗形式（包括词“集” （词组乃至语篇）的语言组织手段。

14． 鲁迅提出了翻译要“宁信而不顺”，而钱钟书则提出翻译要做到“神似”。

15. 玄奘提出的翻译标准“既须求真，又须喻俗”，直到今天，对翻译实

践仍有指导意义。

16. 就英汉对比而言，汉语多名词，英语多代词，汉语多具体，英语多抽象。

17．林纾和严复是我国历史上西学翻译时期的代表人物。林纾主要翻译西方政治经济学说，而严复以文学翻译为主。

18．玄奘提出翻译既须求真，又须喻俗。

19．汉语的量词使用频率高, 正如英语的冠词一样。

20．汉语句子往往是句子较短，结构紧凑，属于“左分支”结构(left-branching)21

21．“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算入于‘化境’。”这是钱钟书提出的翻译观点。

22. 一般来讲，英语中长句居多，而汉语中短句居多。

23．就英汉对比而言，汉语多短句，英语多长句，汉语多推理，英语多引申。

24．汉语是一门名词化的语言，具有静态特点，而英语主要以动词为主，具有动态特点。

1. 林纾和严复是我国历史上西学翻译时期的代表人物。林纾主要翻译西方政治经济学说，而严复以文学翻译为主。

2. 释道安提出“五失本，三不易”的翻译理论。“五失本”是指有五种情况可以允许译文不同于原文。

3. 英汉两种语言分属不同的语系，汉语属于汉臧语系（Sino-Tibetan）英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European）。

4. 汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等；英语的此类划分依据是语法，此类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。

5. 由于英汉词汇意义存在不对应现象，翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语加以补充或限定，技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等手段的运用。

6．严复提出信达雅三原则，钱钟书提出翻译要做到神似。

7.汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性 (overtness)。

8．就英汉对比而言，汉语多主动，英语多被动，汉语多后重心，英语多前重心心。

释道安提出“五失本，三不易”的翻译理论。“五失本”是指有五种情况可以允许译文不同于原文。

2. 英汉两种语言分属不同的语系，汉语属于汉臧语系（Sino-Tibetan）英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European）。

3. 由于词类的性质不同, 词类转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。

4. 一般来讲，在英语句子中，名词和介词占优势，而在汉语中动词占优势。

5. 汉语具有形合的特点，以简洁为美；而英语具有意合的特点，追求严谨。

6.汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性

(overtness)，这是英汉两种语言在语法形式结构上的重要不同点。

7. 林纾提出“信、达、雅”的翻译准则，钱钟书提出“化境”。

8. 就英汉对比而言，汉语多主动，英语多被动；汉语多后重心，英语多前重心。

II. Directions: Write the equivalent of each version in terms of meaning and expressiveness from the expressions available.

1. 大雪

2. 大师

3. 吃苦

4. 意译

5. Class

6. prosperity

7. crisis law

8. street gossip

9. rumours

10. Keep in lane!

11. 大浪

12. 大亨

13. 吃不开

14. 直译

14. Committee

15. great contributions

16. spy film

17. careless

18. street gossip

19. rumours

20. Keep in lane!

21. 大风

22. 吃亏

23. 异化

24．直译

25. family

26. vivid

27. riot police

28. rumours

29．great contributions

30. spy film

31大树

32. 大雾

33. 吃香

34. 我送你回家

35. Very timid

36. Keep off the lawn!

37. street gossip

38. hesitate

39. rumours

40. Keep in lane!

41. 大楼

42. 吃惊

43. 归化

44. in chaos

45. Keep in lane!

46. crisis law

47. spy film

48. Keep off the lawn!

49. big cheese

50. hesitate

iii. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Tell what translation technique you use in translating each of them.

1. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.

2. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

3. He admires the president’s stated decision to fight for the job.

4. A view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained form here.

5. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.

6. If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.

7. His image as a good student was badly tarnished.

8. They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.

9. Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.

10. My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.

11. He regarded the National Day edition of that paper as a collector’s item.

12. A seagull saw the light from my window and darted up to it.

13. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything but our host and hostess.

14. Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.

15. There had been too much publicity about his love affairs.

16. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.

17. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.

18. I couldn’t agree more with you.

19. Such mistakes couldn’t long escape notice.

20. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.

21. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.

22. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.

23. One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.

24. He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.

25. Some of my classmates are good singers.

26. Naturally the Nazi soldiers were more concerned with saving their own lives than with taking ours.

27. He was snuffed by the top-ranking officials there.

28. M.Gorky had deep sympathy for the insulted and the injured.

29. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.

30. My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.

31. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!

32. The crowded melted away.

33. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.

34. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

35. We want such materials as can bear high temperature and pressure.

36. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.

37. She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.

38. On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.

39. Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control.

40. Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas.

41. Brain drain has been Jinan’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has

been an epidemic in this area.

42. Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.

43. Indo-China War is a drain on French resources.

44. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

45. Lincoln is a firm believer of people.

46. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.

47. They were suspicious and resentful of him.

48. Because he had struck a boss, he, was blacklisted and lost his job at the fertilizer works.

49. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

50. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.

51. They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into the night.

52. As she put the bag down and began talking, words poured out.

53. He turned a chair around and straddled it, resting his chin on the back.

54. Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.

55. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

56. They had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken the best of him, they had murdered his father, they had broken and wrecked his wife, and they had crushed his whole family.

57. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

58. Poets are born, but orators are made.

59. He was the last man to say such things.

60. As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap.

61. There is a sharp contrast between the poorest and the richest.

62. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’service.

63. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.

65. Lincoln is a good speaker and student of political philosophy.

66. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.

67. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.

68. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.

69. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.

70. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.

71. They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into the night.

72. He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.

73. People forget your face first, then your name.

74. They are loyal to the motherland and the people.

75. I have received your letter and read it with delight.

76. Even as the doctor was recommending rest, he knew that this in itself was not enough, that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind.

77. When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.

78. In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.

79. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.

80. He went into the insecure building.

81. They predicted the youth would have a bright future.

82. My wife has gone to work, so I have got a lot on my mind just now.

83. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.

84. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.

The judge sat in the dining-room amid his morning mail.

85. We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end.

86. The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two.

87. Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter weak.

88. He is physically weak but mentally sound.

. He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.

90. “Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality,” he said.

91. With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadn’t the time to worry about such trifles.

92. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.

93. Each country has its own customs.

94. There had been too much publicity about his love affairs.

95. When conditions exist, go ahead; when they don’t, create them and go

ahead.

96. So the train came, he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away.

97. The whole country was armed in a few days.

98. He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of himself as an “Independent”.

99. He knew he was mortally ill.

iv. Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese.

The Bible says: “Call upon me, I will answer you; I'll be with you in trouble. I'll set you on high because you hath known my name.”

Now, all of us should learn how the subjective self in us works. One of the great corollaries of the great law of suggestion is this: Whatever you suggest to another, you are also suggesting to yourself. When you are giving a suggestion to another, you are giving it to yourself; because you are the only thinker in your universe. And you respond to the way you think. Whatever you are wishing for the other person, you are wishing for yourself. You are always under the law of your own thought.

This is the basis of the Golden Rule, which also tells you to treat your enemies

well, to pray for them that despitefully use you. In other words, never dwell on ill will for anyone or against any person on the face of the earth. You do so at your own peril, because whatever you are thinking about the other you are creating in your own mind, your body, your circumstances, your pocketbook, also. That's a simple truth.

Consider for a moment a disciplined, talented architect. He can build a beautiful, modern, twentieth-first century city in his mind, complete with superhighways, swimming pools, aquarium, parks, and so forth. He can construct in his mind the most beautiful palace the eye has ever seen. He can see the building in its entirety completely erected before he ever gives his plans to the builders. Where was the building? It was in his imagination.

I explained to you that to imagine is to conceive. Whatever you can conceive, you can give it conception. It is to impregnate your subconscious mind with the picture of the idea, the ideal. And the invisible things of Him from the foundation of the earth are clearly visible. Yes, so that soul, the ancients said, can see invisible things in your mind. Where is the invention? Where is the new play? Where is that secret invention of yours now? Isn’t it in your mind? It is real. It has form, shape, and substance in another dimension of mind. Believe you have it now, and you shall receive it.

Therefore, you don’t see her in the hospital. She is right there in front of you. And she is telling you a miracle of God has happened, how wonderful she feels, how she is touched by the Almighty. You touched me; I feel virtuous and that’s

what you want to see. Then you are really praying, and then you really understand the laws of mind and you are a good practitioner.

But if you affirm one thing and you image another, that’s called hypocrisy and you get no results because your image has to agree with your affirmation. Nothing could be simpler than that. Often I say that ninety-nine percent of the people don’t know how to pray. Oh, yes, they are using wonderful prayers, but they are seeing the father, the mother, the son in a jail or hospital, or sick, or something else.

Haven’t you heard a sales manager say he had to let John go because his attitude is wrong? Yes, your attitude. Changed attitude changes everything. The business world knows the importance of right attitude.

A good example of how one man’s imagination created one of the most successful businesses is Howard Schultz, the “Starbucks man.” It takes a person with vision, fortitude and unswerving confidence to make a new concept succeed. Schultz was hired to manage retail sales and marketing for Starbucks, then a small coffee distributor that had a few retail outlets in Seattle. He was 29, just married. He and his wife left their home in New York City to accept this new job.

About a year later, Schultz visited Italy on a buying trip. As he wandered around Milan, he noticed how important coffee was to the Italian culture. Typically, the workday starts with a cup of rich coffee at a coffee bar. After work friends and colleague once again meet at the coffee bar for a leisurely stop before heading

home. It is a center of Italian social life. Schultz visualized coffee bars like this transferred to America. It had never been done. But he felt it could work because of the high quality of Starbucks coffee.

When the world says, \"It is impossible; it can't be done,\" the person with imagination says, “It is done.” Imagination can penetrate the depths of reality and reveal the secrets of nature.

A great industrialist told me one time how he started in a small store. He said, “I used to dream of a large corporation with branches all over the country.” He added that regularly and systematically he pictured in his mind the giant buildings, offices, factories and stores, knowing that through the alchemy of the mind he could weave the fabric out of which his dreams would be clothed. He prospered and began to attract to himself by the universal law of attraction the ideas, personnel, friends, money and everything needed for the development of his ideal. Just like a seed that dies in the ground bequeaths its energy to another form of itself, by subjective wisdom it extracts from the soil everything needed for its development. When it comes above the ground, by a process of photosynthesis it extracts from the atmosphere and the radiation of the sun all things necessary for its development.