国际商务名词解释

GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and service produced by the property and labor owned by the economy.

GDP 国内生产总值： Gross Domestic product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

Anti-dumping duty反倾销税: a tax levied by a country on imports that it believes to constitute dumping in its own market.

Anti-monopoly law反垄断法: a law used to prevent companies from fixing prices, carving up the market, and gaining unfair monopoly advantages

Balance of payments国际收支平衡: a statistical system that records all external expenditure and income activities of a country

第一部分 金融

绝对购买力评价：本国货币与外国货币之间的均衡汇率是通过两国货币之间的购买力或物价水平表现出来的

Absolute purchasing power evaluation: the exchange rate between domestic and foreign currencies is expressed by the purchasing power or price level between the two currencies

相对购买力评价：两国之间的通货膨胀率决定两种货币之间的均衡汇率

Relative purchasing power evaluation: the inflation rate between the two countries determines the exchange rate between the two currencies

短期投资是指企业购入的各种能随时变现、持有时间不超过一年的有价证券，以及不超过一年的其他投资

Short-term investment refers to all kinds of securities purchased by enterprises that can be realized at any time and held for no more than one year, as well as other investments that do not exceed one year.

长期投资是指不准备随时变现，持有时间超过1年的企业对外投资

Long-term investment refers to the outward investment of an enterprise that is not ready to be realized at any time and has been held for more than one year.

对冲指特意减低另一项投资的风险的投资。它是一种在降低商业风险的同时仍然能在投资中获利的手法。

Hedging refers to an investment that deliberately reduces the risk of another investment. It is a way to reduce business risk and still make a profit from investment at the same time.

J曲线效应：一国货币贬值后，国际收支在初期将进一步恶化，经过一段时间后，贸易收支才会增加，使国际收支状况得到改善，国际收支的这一运动过程酷似英文字母J ，

所以称为J曲线效应。

J curve effect: after the devaluation of a country's currency, the balance of payments will deteriorate further at the initial stage, and after a period of time, the trade balance will increase, so that the balance of payments will be improved. The movement process of the balance of payments is very similar to the English letter J, so it is called the J curve effect.

远期汇率是指外币买卖双方成交后，并不能马上交割，而是约定在以后一定时期内进行交割时所采用的汇率。

Forward exchange rate refers to the exchange rate that buyers and sellers of foreign currencies can not be delivered immediately after the transaction, but agree to use the exchange rate for delivery within a certain period of time in the future.

掉期交易是指在买入或卖出即期外汇的同时，卖出或买进同一货币的远期外汇，以防止汇率风险的一种外汇交易。

Swap trading is a kind of foreign exchange transaction that sells or buys forward foreign exchange of the same currency while buying or selling spot foreign exchange in order to prevent exchange rate risk.

期货是指交易双方在外汇期货市场上买卖标准化的远期外汇合约后，承若在将来某一日期，以约定的价格交付标准数量的某种外汇的交易

Futures refers to a transaction in which both parties, after buying and selling standardized forward foreign exchange contracts in the foreign exchange futures market, undertake to deliver a standard quantity of foreign exchange at an agreed price at a certain date in the future.

期权是合约买方在向卖方支付一定的期权费用后所获得的在约定的日期内按内按照约定的汇率买进或卖出一定数量外币的权利。

Option is the right acquired by the contract buyer after paying a certain option fee to the seller and buying or selling a certain amount of foreign currency according to the agreed exchange rate within the agreed date.

经常账户是一国国际收支的主要组成部分，主要包括商品贸易收支及服务贸易收支。

The current account is the main component of a country's balance of payments, which mainly includes the balance of trade in goods and services.

资本账户是资本与金融账户中的一支，包括资本转移和非金融资产的收买和放弃。

Capital account is a branch of capital and financial account, including capital transfer and the purchase and abandonment of non-financial assets.

套汇是指为了获利而在不同市场上同时进行货币买卖的行为

Arbitrage refers to the act of buying and selling currencies in different markets at the same time in order to make a profit.、

外汇管制是指对一种货币兑换成其他货币的行为所实施的。

Foreign exchange control refers to the restrictions imposed on the conversion of one currency into another.

货币对冲指为了避免因汇率发生不利变动所带来的潜在损失而采取的保值行为。

Currency hedging refers to the hedging behavior taken to avoid potential losses caused by adverse changes in the exchange rate.

货币投机指通过预测某种货币的价值将发生变动而进行买卖从而获利的行为。

Currency speculation refers to the act of buying and selling to make a profit by predicting that the value of a currency will change.

经常账户赤字是指一国进口的货物和服务大于出口、对国外的支付大于从国外获得的收入

A current account deficit means that a country imports more goods and services than it exports and pays more to foreign countries than it earns from abroad.

金融衍生工具指价值衍生自其他商品或金融工具的金融工具

Financial derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from other commodities or financial instruments.

货币贬值是指一国故意调低其货币在国际市场上的价值

Currency devaluation means that a government deliberately lowers the value of its currency in the international market.

欧洲债券是指计值货币所在国以外的其他国家发行的债券

Eurobonds refer to bonds issued by countries other than the country in which the currency is valued.

欧洲货币市场是指存放在货币发行国境外的各国货币的交易场所

The European money market refers to the trading place of the currencies of various countries that are deposited outside the country in which the currency is issued.

国际货币基金组织是世界金融机构之一，其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况，提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。

The International Monetary Fund is one of the world's financial institutions whose responsibility is to monitor currency exchange rates and trade among countries and to provide technical and financial assistance to ensure the normal functioning of the global financial system.

国际货币体系是指支配各国货币关系的规则和机构，以及国际间进行各种交易、支付所依据的一套安排和惯例

The international monetary system refers to the rules and institutions that govern the monetary relations of various countries, as well as a set of arrangements and practices on which international transactions and payments are conducted.

牙买加协议是国际货币基金组织临时委员在牙买加首都金斯敦会议上通过的关于国际货币制度改革的协议。

The Jamaica Agreement is an agreement on the reform of the international monetary system adopted by the interim members of the International Monetary Fund at a meeting in Kingston, Jamaica.

Legalization of floating exchange rate;

Non-monetization of gold;

Improve the international reserve status of SDRs.

Increase the fund share of member States.

一价定律：当贸易开放且交易费用为零时，同样的货物无论在何地销售，用同一货币来表示的货物价格都相同。

Law of one price: when trade is open and the transaction cost is 00:00, the price of the same goods in the same currency is the same no matter where they are sold.

有管理的浮动汇率制是指一国货币当局按照本国经济利益的需要，不时地干预外汇市场，以使本国货币汇率升降朝有利于本国的方向发展的汇率制度

The managed floating exchange rate system refers to the exchange rate system in which the monetary authorities of a country intervene in the foreign exchange market from time to time in accordance with the needs of its own economic interests, so as to make the rise and fall of its currency exchange rate develop in a direction beneficial to its own country.

购买力平价是指两种货币在两个不同国家购买同样“一篮子‘’商品的相对购买力

Purchasing power parity (PPP) refers to the relative purchasing power of two currencies to buy the same basket of goods in two different countries.

特别提款权最早发行于1969年，是国际货币基金组织根据会员国认缴的份额分配的，可用于偿还国际货币基金组织债务、弥补会员国之间国际收支逆差的一种账面资产。

The SDR, which was first issued in 1969, is a book asset allocated by the International Monetary Fund according to the share subscribed by member States and can be used to repay the debts of the International Monetary Fund and make up for the balance of payments deficit between the governments of

member States.

外汇风险是指在货币相互兑换或折算中，因汇率在一段时间内发生变动而使企业可能遭受的经济损失。包括交易风险、会计风险、经济风险三类。

Foreign exchange risk refers to the economic losses that enterprises may suffer as a result of changes in the exchange rate over a period of time in the exchange or conversion of currencies. It includes three categories: transaction risk, accounting risk and economic risk.

第四章

国际物流：当生产消费分别在两个或在两个以上的国家进行时，为了克服生产和消费之间的空间间隔和时间距离，对货物进行物理性移动的一项国际商品活动。

International logistics refers to an international commodity activity that moves goods physically in order to overcome the space and time distance between production and consumption when production and consumption are carried out independently in two or more countries.

供应链是指围绕核心企业，从配套零件开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的、将供应商，制造商，分销商直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构。

Supply chain refers to around the core enterprise, starting with the supporting parts, making intermediate products and final products, and finally sending the products to consumers by the sales network, and connecting suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and end users into a whole functional network chain structure.

全球定价指为全球市场制定统一价格的定价策略。

worldwide pricing refers to a pricing strategy that sets uniform prices for global markets.

全资子公司指完全由唯一一家母公司所拥有和控制的子公司。

Wholly owned subsidiary is a subsidiary that is wholly owned and controlled by the sole parent company

合资企业：由两个或两个以上的经济实体为了实现共同商业目标而成立并拥有的一家公司。

Joint venture: An independent company established and owned by two or more independent economic entities to achieve common business goals

前向一体化企业：合作各方共同投资于下游的经营活动

后向一体化企业：合作各方共同投资于上游的经营活动

回购型合资企业：每个合伙人既要为企业提供投入品，同时也吸收其产出品。

多级分段式合作企业：对于其中一个合伙者而言是前向一体化，对于另一个合伙者而言是后向一体化

战略联盟指两个或两个以上的经济体进行合作经营以完成各自战略目标的关系。

Strategic alliance refers to the relationship between two or more independent economies cooperating to achieve their respective strategic objectives.

价值链分析是指将公司活动分为基本活动和辅助活动，并确定其中为消费者创造价值的活动。

Value chain analysis refers to division company activities into basic activities and auxiliary activities, and determines which activities create value for consumers.

转移价格是指母公司及其子公司之间买卖商品或服务的价格。

Transfer price refers to the price of goods or services bought and sold between the parent company and its subsidiaries.

亚文化指在更大的主流文化中拥有自身独特生活方式的群体。

Subculture refers to groups with their own unique lifestyle in the larger mainstream culture.

战略是管理者帮助公司实现目标的一整套有计划的行动方案。

Strategy is a set of planned action plans for managers to help companies achieve their goals.

股份指公司资产的所有权份额，它可以使持股人对公司未来现金流相应份额主张所有权。

Share refers to the ownership share of the company's assets, which enables shareholders to claim ownership of the company's corresponding share of future cash flow.

成长战略：为了扩大公司的经营规模或范围而制定的战略。

Growth strategy: A strategy developed to expand the size or scope of a company's operations.

紧缩战略：为了减少公司的业务规模和范围而制定的战略。

retrenchment strategy: A strategy developed to reduce the size and scope of a company's business.

稳定战略指公司用来防范变动、避免成长或紧缩的战略

Stability strategy is the strategy that a company uses to guard against change, to avoid growth or contraction

自我管理团队：从本部门中选拔人才来承担该部门的监督人的责任。

Self-management team: select talents from this department to Act as the supervisor of the department.

间接市场调研：获取公司内部现有的或者通过外部渠道得到的信息的过程

Indirect market research: The process of obtaining information existing within the company or obtained through external channels.

原始资料调研：收集并分析原始数据并将结果应用到当前研究的过程。

Primary market research: The process of collecting and analyzing raw data and applying the results to the current study.

产品责任：制造商、销售商以及其他相关人员对因产品缺陷导致的损失、受伤、死亡所需承担的责任。

Product liability: Manufacturers, sellers, and other relevant personnel are responsible for losses, injuries, and deaths caused by product defects.

价格控制：在一国范围内对产品的价格所做的最高或最低限价的规定。

Price controls: The highest or lowest price limit imposed by the government on the price of a product within a country.

外包：从其他公司购买对自身竞争优势不会产生重要影响的商品或服务。

Outsourcing: Buying goods or services from other companies that do not have a adverse impact on its own competitive advantage.

组织结构：公司将其业务活动分配到不同的部门，并协调各部门间活动的方法。

Organizational structure: The way a company allocates its business activities to different departments and coordinates activities across departments.

全球战略:在全球市场上采用相同的营销策略来提供相同产品的战略

Global Strategy: A strategy to adopt the same marketing strategy to provide the same products in global markets

跨（多）国战略：在每个国家的市场上采取不同的产品和营销战略以适应当地消费者偏好的战略。

Multinational strategy: A strategy of adopting different product and marketing strategies in each country's market to suit local consumer preferences.

市场调研：收集并分析信息以帮助管理者做出明智选择的过程。

Market research: The process of collecting and analyzing information to help managers make informed choices.

国际市场营销：企业综合利用产品策略、促销策略、价格策略和分销策略，将产品从企业流动到消费者，并获取利润的过程。

International marketing: the process in which an enterprise makes comprehensive use of product strategy, promotion strategy, price strategy and distribution strategy to flow products from enterprises to consumers and make profits.

营销传播：将有关产品的促销信息传递到目标市场的过程。

Marketing communication: The process of passing promotional information about a product to a target market.

许可：拥有无形资产的许可人授予被许可人在指定的时期内使用该无形资产的权利的契约式进入模式。

Licensing: A contractual entry model in which a licensor who owns an intangible asset grants the right to licensee to use it for a specified period of time.

特许经营：特许者为被特许者提供无形资产和其他资助的契约式进入模式。

Franchise: a contractual entry mode in which the franchisor provides intangible assets and other subsidies to the franchisee.

管理合同：一家公司向另一家公司提供管理上的专业知识。

Management contract: One company provides management expertise to another.

交钥匙工程指有一家公司为一客户进行设计、建造、测试生产设施的做法。

Turnkey project refers to the practice of a company designing, constructing, and testing a production facility for a customer.

及时生产法：要求最小化存货的数量，并且生产要素要在生产需要时及时运达。

Just-in-time : the quantity of inventory should be minimized and the factors of production should be delivered in time when production is needed.

国际部门结构：通过建立一个的国际部门来区分国内和国际业务活动。

International department structure: Differentiate domestic and

international business activities by establishing an independent international department.

国际区域结构：按照国家或地区来组织公司的全球经营活动。

International regional structure: Organize the company's global business by country or region.

全球产品结构 ：按照公司产品领域划分全球经营活动的组织战略。Global product structure: the organizational strategy of dividing global business activities according to the company's product areas.

全球矩阵结构：将指挥链在产品和区域部门之间进行拆分的组织结构

Global Matrix Structure: An organizational structure that splits the chain of command between products and regional departments

代理商：代表一个或一个以上的间接出口商的个人或组织

Agent: A person or an organization representing one or more indirect exporters

国际商务：跨越两个或多个国家边境的商业交易

International Business: Commercial transactions across the borders of two or more countries

间接出口：企业将其产品卖给国内中间商，再由中间商在目标市场上进行销售

Indirect export: the company sells its products to domestic middlemen, which then sells them in the target market

出口管理公司：代表间接出口商出口产品的公司。

Export management company（EMC）: A company that exports products on behalf of an indirect exporter.

出口贸易公司（ETC）：除了提供与客户的出口活动直接相关的服务外，还为间接出口商提供其他服务的公司。

Export trading company: a company that provides services for exporting activities to direct and indirect exporters.

独占型渠道：生产商将其产品的销售权授予一个或有限的几个分销商

Exclusive channel: the manufacturer grants the right to sell its products to one or a limited number of distributors.

民族中心主义：认为本民族或文化优于所有其他民族或文化的信念

Ethnocentrism: Belief that one's own nation or culture is superior to all other nations or cultures

进入模式：一个公司为使其产品、技术、人力资源以及其他资源进入一个市场所采取的的制度安排。

Entry mode: The institutional arrangement adopted by a company to bring its products, technology, human resources and other resources into a market.

禁运：全面禁止某一特定国家的一种或几种商品的贸易

Embargo: a complete ban on trade in one or more commodities in a particular country

直接出口：企业将其产品直接卖给目标市场的购买者

Direct export: companies sell their products directly to buyers in the target market

业务层次的战略（3）

低成本领先战略：公司利用规模经济取得同行业竞争者中最低的成本结构的战略

Low-cost leading strategy: the company's strategy of using economies of scale to achieve the lowest cost structure in the industry

差异化战略：公司用来使购买者认为它所设计的产品在同行业中是独一无二的战略。

Differentiation strategy: A strategy that a company uses to make buyers think that the products it designs are unique in the industry.

集中战略：公司集中为某个特定细分市场的需求服务时所采取的战略。

focus strategy : the strategy adopted by a company when it focuses on serving the needs of a particular market.

文化：某个特殊群体所持有的一整套价值观、信仰、规则以及制度的总和。

Culture: The sum of a set of values, beliefs, rules, and institutions held by a particular group.

跨职能部门团队：由在不同职能部门的同一层次工作的员工组成的团队。

Cross-functional team: A team of employees working at the same level in different functional departments.

易货贸易：以货物或服务的形式来交换其他货物或服务的做法。

barter: the practice of exchanging other goods or services in the form of goods or services.

互购：企业在某个国家销售货物或服务，并承诺将来在该国购买一些特定的产品。

Mutual purchase: A company sells goods or services in a country and promises to buy some specific products in that country in the future.

抵消: 企业向一国出口后允诺将来以硬通货支付的方式购买该国的某种产品。

Offset: After exporting to a country, the company promises to purchase some product in the country by means of hard currency payment in the future.

转手贸易是指企业把其在某个指定国家的购买权转卖给另一个企业的对等贸易。

Switch trading refers to the reciprocal trade in which an enterprise resells its purchase right in a designated country to another enterprise.

回购：为了得到某种工业设备所生产的产品而将该设备出口的贸易方式。

Buyback: a mode of trade in which an industrial equipment is exported in

order to obtain the product produced by it.

组合战略：将成长、紧缩和稳定战略同时运用于公司的不同事业部的战略。

Portfolio strategy: the strategy of applying growth, austerity and stability strategies to different divisions of the company at the same time.

指挥链：从最高领导层贯穿到每个员工，并且明确内部报告关系的权利链

The chain of command: from the highest leadership to each employee, and clear the internal reporting relationships

提单：出口商和承运商之间签订的，表明商品运输的目的地和运输费用的一种契约。

Bill of Lading: A contract signed between an exporter and a carrier, indicating the destination of the goods and the cost of transportation.

预付：进口商在货物装船前就付款给出口商的进出口融资方式。

Prepayment: The import and export financing method in which the importer pays the exporter before the shipment of the goods.

跟单托收：由银行作为中间人负责收取货款但不承担资金风险的进出口融资方式。

Documentary collection: import and export financing in which the bank, as a middleman, is responsible for collecting payment without capital risk.

信用证是由进口方银行开具一份书面文件,表明银行将在出口商履行合同中所规定的条款后向其支付货款的进出口融资方式。

A letter of credit is an import and export financing method issued by the importer's bank indicating that the bank will pay the exporter after fulfilling the terms of the contract.

记账指出口商先将货物装运，然后在向进口商开出账单并索要货款的进出口融资方式。

Open account refers to the import and export financing in which the exporter first ships the goods and then issues a bill to the importer to asks for payment for the goods.

产品战略是企业对其所生产与经营的产品进行的全局性谋划。

Product strategy is the overall planning of a company's products

促销策略是一种促进商品销售的谋略和方法

Promotion strategy is a strategy and method to promote product sales.

推动战略：公司向分销渠道商施加压力让其进货并将产品推销给最终消费者的促销战略。

Push strategy: A promotional strategy for the company to put pressure on distributors to get in stock and sell products to end consumers.

拉动战略指创造消费者的需求来激发分销渠道商存储本公司产品的促销战略。

Pull strategy refers to the promotion strategy of creating consumer demand to motivate distributors to store their products.

促销组合：公司通过各种营销活动，如个人销售、广告宣传、公共关系、直接营销等，进入分销渠道并与目标消费者接触的做法。

Promotion mix: the practice in which a company enters the distribution channel and contacts with target consumers through various marketing activities, such as personal sales, advertising, public relations, direct marketing, etc.

分销：计划、实施并控制产品从最初生产者到最终消费者的整个物流过程的活动。

Distribution: Activities that plan, implement, and control the entire logistics process of a product from its original producer to its final consumer.

全球定价指为全球市场制定统一价格的定价策略。

worldwide pricing refers to a pricing strategy that sets uniform prices for global markets.

双重定价：在国外市场上制定与国内不同的价格的定价策略

Double pricing: a pricing strategy that sets a price different from that at

home in foreign markets. Set a price in domestic market different from in foreign markets.

第三部分

绝对优势：一国所具有的比任何其他国家更有效率的生产某种产品的能力。

Absolute advantage: the ability of a country to produce a product more efficiently than any other country.

比较优势：一个国家在任何产品的生产上都不比另一国更有效率，但是该国在生产某种产品时比它生产任何产品都更有效率。

Comparative advantage: A country is not more efficient in producing any product than another country, but it is more efficient in producing a certain product than it is in producing any product.

国际分工：是社会分工发展到一定阶段，国民经济内部分工超越国家界限发展的结果。

International division of labor: it is the result that the division of labor within the national economy develops beyond national boundaries when the social division of labor develops to a certain stage.

要素禀赋理论：一国应该生产并出口本国丰裕要素生产的产品进口本国稀缺要素生产的产品。

Factor endowment theory: A country should produce and export products produced by its own abundant factors and import products produced by its own scarce factors.

要素价格均等化定理：贸易前，由于两国要素禀赋的差异，所以两国Factor price equalization theorem: Before the trade, due to the differences in the factor endowments of the two countries, the inconsistencies in the factor prices between the two countries led to differences in the prices of the same commodity. However, after the trade, the differences in the relative prices of the two countries' goods will continue to narrow and eventually reach parity, and the price of factors and the density of factors in production will also reach parity.

里昂惕夫之谜：美国经济学家里昂惕夫利用美国的进出口的数据进行研究，发现美国出口的是劳动密集型产品进口的是资本密集型产品，这显然与H-O理论相矛盾。这一发现被称为里昂惕夫之谜。

The mystery of Leontief: U.S. economist Ontif uses the data of US imports and exports to conduct research and finds that the US exports labor-intensive products and imports capital-intensive products, which is obviously in contradiction with H-O theory. This discovery is called the mystery of Leontief.

斯托尔帕萨米尔森定理：国际贸易使得出口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素的报酬提高，进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素的报酬降低。因此，对使用稀缺要素的部门进行关税保护可以明显提高稀缺要素者的收入。

Stolpa Samuelson's theorem: International trade makes the return of intensive use of factors in the production of export products higher, and the return of intensive use of factors in the production of imported products decreases. Therefore, tariff protection for sectors using scarce factors can significantly increase the income of those with scarce factors.

罗伯津斯基定理：在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。

Robertzinski's Theorem: On the premise that the relative price of a commodity is constant, an increase in one factor will lead to an increase in production in the sector that uses the factor intensively, while a decrease in production in the other.

幼稚产业保护力理论：在工业化的中期阶段，实施保护贸易可以迅速发展起本国民族工业，在民族工业具有一定的竞争力后，应该放弃保护，通过竞争促使其成长。

Infant industry protection theory: In the middle stage of industrialization, the implementation of protection trade can quickly develop national industry. After the national industry has certain competitiveness, it should give up protection and promote its growth through competition.

战略性贸易：一国在不完全竞争和规模经济的条件下，可以凭借生产补贴，出口补贴或保护国内市场等手段扶持本国战略性工业的增长，增强其在国际市场上的竞争能力，从而谋取规模经济之类的额外收益，并借机掠夺他人的市场份额和工业利润。

Strategic trade policy: under the conditions of incomplete competition and economies of scale, a government can support the growth of its strategic industry by means of production subsidies, export subsidies or protection of the domestic market, enhance its competitiveness in the international market, thus seek additional benefits such as economies of scale, and take advantage of the opportunity to plunder others' market share and industrial profits.

普惠制：是指工业发达国家对发展中国家或地区出口的制成品和半制成品给予普遍的，非歧视的，非互惠的关税制度。

GSP(generalized system of preferences): refers to the universal, non-discriminatory, non-reciprocal tariff system that industrial developed countries grant to manufactured products and semi-manufactured products exported by developing countries or regions.

社会责任管理体系是指确保企业履行相应社会责任，实现良性发展的相关制度安排与组织建设。

Social responsibility management system refers to the relevant institutional arrangements and organizational construction to ensure that enterprises fulfill their corresponding social responsibilities and achieve healthy development.

区域经济一体化：位于某一地理区域的各国通过相互合作，削减或者消除各国之间商品、资本、劳动流通壁垒的过程

Regional economic integration: The process of reducing or eliminating barriers to the circulation of goods, capital, and labor between countries through cooperation among countries in a certain geographic region

自由贸易区：签订自由贸易协定的成员国相互取消商品贸易中的关税和非关税壁垒，但是，各成员国仍保持自己对来自非成员国进口商品的。

Free trade zone: The member countries that signed the free trade agreement mutually canceled the tariff and non-tariff barriers on merchandise trade. However, each member country still maintained its own restrictions on imports from non-member countries.

关税同盟：成员国之间完全取消关税和非关税壁垒并对非成员国采取统一的经济的经济一体化形式

Customs Union: a form of economic integration in which member states completely eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers and adopt a unified tariff policy to treat non-member countries.

共同市场：取消成员之间所有商品、劳动、资本流通的壁垒，并制定统一的贸易对待非成员的经济一体化形式

Common market: remove barriers to the circulation of all goods, labor, and capital between members, and formulate a unified trade policy to treat non-members as a form of economic integration。

经济同盟：取消成员国之间商品贸易、劳动和资本流通的壁垒，对非成员国采取统一的贸易，同时协调各成员国之间经济的经济一体化形式。

Economic Union: Remove barriers to commodity trade, labor, and capital flows between member countries, adopt a unified trade policy for non-member countries, and coordinate economic policies among member countries.

幼稚产业：某一产业处于发展初期阶段，面临国外强大竞争但有发展潜力

Infant industry: An industry is in the early stages of development and faces strong foreign competition but has development potential

国际服务贸易是指服务提供者从一国境内通过商业现场或自然人现场向消费者提供服务，并获取外汇收入的过程。狭义的国际服务贸易指发生在国家之间的服务输入和输出活动。广义的包括有形的输出输入如劳动力和无形的提供者与使用者在没有实体接触的情况下的交易活动。

International trade in services refers to the process by which service providers provide services to consumers from the territory of a country through commercial or natural person sites, and obtain foreign exchange earnings. Narrow international trade in services refers to the import and export of services between countries. In a broad sense, it includes tangible inputs and outputs such as labor and intangible transactions between providers and users without physical contact.

技术贸易：技术供求双方按照一定的商业条件买卖技术的商业行为。如果这种交易跨越国界，则称之为国际技术贸易。

Technology trade: The commercial behavior of technology buyers and sellers buying and selling technology in accordance with certain commercial conditions. If such a transaction crosses national borders, it is called international technology trade.

Social Accountability 8000 International standard是全球首个道德规范国际标准。其宗旨是确保供应商所供应的产品，皆符合社会责任标准的要求。

Social Accountability 8000 International standard is the world's first ethical international standard. Its purpose is to ensure that the products supplied by suppliers meet the requirements of social responsibility standards.

最优关税：因贸易条件改善带来的收益减去因贸易量减少带来的损失的净收益最大化的关税。

Optimal tariff: the tariff that maximizes the net gain from an improvement in the terms of trade minus the loss from a decrease in the volume of trade.

黄箱补贴：容引起农产品贸易扭曲的措施。

Yellow box subsidies: policy measures that can cause distortions in

agricultural trade.

绿箱补贴：对生产和贸易没有扭曲或产生的影响很小的措施。

Green box subsidies: Measures that do not distort or have a small impact on production and trade.

蓝箱补贴：实施价格补贴时以农民控制生产数量为前提。

Blue box subsidies: The premise is that the farmers control the production quantity when implementing price subsidies.

要素密集度：生产一单位某种产品所使用的生产要素的组合比例。

Factor density: The combined proportion of factors of production used to produce a unit of a product.

国家竞争优势理论：国家竞争优势理论旨在造就并维持可持续的相对优势。该理论指出有四个要素会影响一国某产业的竞争优势，即：生产要素，需求要素，相关产业，企业组织、战略和竞争状态。和机遇也会影响竞争优势发挥作用。

National Competitive Advantage Theory: The theory of national competitive advantage aims at creating and maintaining sustainable comparative advantage. The theory points out that there are four factors that will affect the competitive advantage of a certain industry in a country: production

factors,

demand

factors,

related

industries,

enterprise

organization, strategy and competitive status. Government and opportunity can also influence competitive advantage.

新贸易理论：该理论认为

1. 专业化生产和规模经济效应的扩大能够带来收益。

2. 率先进入市场的公司会设置贸易壁垒。

3. 会对促进本国公司发展起到支持作用。

New trade theory: The theory states

1. Specialized production and expansion of economies of scale can bring benefits.

2. The first companies to enter the market will set up trade barriers.

3. The government will play a supporting role in promoting the development of domestic companies.

先行者优势：进入某个行业的第一家公司所取得的经济优势和战略优势

First mover advantage: economic and strategic advantages achieved by the first company to enter an industry

内部规模经济：由于生产规模扩大和产量增加，分摊到每个产品上的固定成本会越来越少，从而使产品的平均成本下降。

Internal economies of scale: Due to the expansion of production scale and increase in output, the fixed costs allocated to each product will be less and less, thereby reducing the average cost of the product.

外部经济：当整个产业的产量扩大时，该产业各个企业的平均生产成本下降

External economy: When the output of the entire industry expands, the average production cost of each company in the industry decreases

电子商务：利用电脑网络进行商品和服务的买卖或交换、提供客户服务、与商业伙伴合作以及公司内部交易的活动。

E-commerce: Activities that use computer networks to buy or sell goods and services, provide customer service, cooperate with business partners, and conduct intra-company transactions.

关税与贸易总协定：致力于通过降低国际贸易的关税和非关税壁垒来推动自由贸易进程的协定。

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: An agreement dedicated to promoting the free trade process by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to international trade.

最惠国待遇：要求WTO的某一成员给予另一成员国的贸易或优惠必须同时给予其他所有成员国。

Most-favored-nation treatment: Requires that a WTO member grants trade privileges or preferences to another member country at the same time to all other member countries.

配额：在一定时期内对进出境商品施加数量。

Quota: imposes quantitative restrictions on inbound and outbound commodities within a certain period of time.

关税配额：对一定数量范围内的进口商品征收较低税率的关税，而对超出配额以外数量的商品征收较高税率的。

Tariff quota: a lower tariff rate is imposed on importers within a certain range of quantities, while a higher tax rate is levied on goods beyond the quota.

贸易创造：关税同盟内部取消成员之间的关税后，国内生产成本高的商品被成员国中生产成本低的商品所取代，成员国之间的贸易被创造出来。

Trade creation: After tariffs among members were eliminated within the Customs Union, goods with high domestic production costs were replaced by goods with low production costs among member states, and trade between

member states was created.

贸易转移：产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国家转向关税同盟内较高成本国家进口。

Trade diversion: Products have been imported from countries with lower production costs in the past to imports from higher-cost countries within the customs union.

贸易救济：当外国进口对国内产业造成负面影响时，该所采取的减轻乃至消除该负面影响的措施。包括，反倾销、反补贴、保障措施等。

Trade remedy: measures taken by the government to mitigate or even eliminate the negative impact of foreign imports on domestic industries. Including anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard measures and so on.

水平一体化：经济发展水平相同或接近的国家所形成的经济一体化形式。

Horizontal integration: A form of economic integration formed by countries with the same or close economic development level.

协议性国际分工：一国放弃某种产品的生产将市场提供给另一国，而另一国放弃另一种产品的生产并将市场提供给对方。即两国达成相互提供市场的协议。

Agreement international division of labor: one country abandons the production of one product and provides the market to another country, while the other country abandons the production of another product and provides

the market to the other party. That is, the two countries reached an agreement to provide markets to each other.

国民待遇：指一个国家给予在其国境内的外国公民、企业和商船民事权利方面与其国内公民、企业、商船一样享有同等的待遇。

National treatment: Refers to a country's civil rights to foreign citizens, enterprises, and merchant ships within its own country, which enjoy the same treatment as its domestic citizens, enterprises, and merchant ships.

战略贸易理论：一国在不完全竞争和规模经济的条件下可以凭借上生产补贴、出口补贴、或保护国内市场等手段，扶持本国战略性工业的成长，增强其在国际市场上的竞争能力，从而取得规模经济之类的额外收益。

Strategic trade policy theory: Under the conditions of incomplete competition and economies of scale, a country's government can rely on policy measures such as production subsidies, export subsidies, or protection of the domestic market to support the growth of its strategic industries and enhance its international Competitiveness for additional benefits such as economies of scale.

第四部分 投资

国际投资 是指公司等投资主体，将其拥有的货币资本和产业资本通过界流动和运营，以实现价值增值的经济行为

International investment refers to the economic behavior of transnational corporations or other international investment entities to realize value increment through cross - border flow and operation of their monetary capital or industrial capital.

FDI: 投资者以拥有和控制外国企业经营管理权为核心，以获取利润为主要目的而进行的投资。

FDI: investors focus on owning and controlling the operation and management rights of foreign enterprises and make investments for the main pupose of obtaining profits.

国际间接投资：以获取价值增值而不是控制经营权为目的投资活动。

International indirect investment: investment activities for the purpose of increasing value rather than controlling management rights.

创业投资：专业投资人员为具有一定增长潜力、可以快速成长的新兴企业提供一定期限的股权性资金支持，通过经营管理服务对所投资企业进行全方位的培育和辅导，在企业发展相对成熟后，通过上市、转让等手段推出该企业，实现价值增值的投资活动。

Venture investment: Professional investors provide equity fund support for emerging companies with certain growth potential and rapid growth, and provide comprehensive training and guidance for the invested companies through management services. The company launched the company through

listing, transfer and other means to realize value-added investment activities.

垂直型对外直接投资：一国投资者为了生产过程的不同阶段实行专业化而将生产资本直接输出到另一国进行设厂或建立企业的投资活动，与出口则主要体现为互补关系。

Vertical foreign direct investment: In order to implement specialization in different stages of the production process, investors in one country directly export capital to another country for investment activities in setting up factories or enterprises, which are mainly reflected in the complementary relationship with exports.

水平型对外直接投资：一国投资者为了利用国外市场的特定优势，在与本国企业相同或相似产品生产领域进行资本投资。对出口形成一种替代作用。主要是为了利用特定的区位优势及规避贸易壁垒。

Horizontal foreign direct investment: In order to take advantage of the specific advantages of foreign markets, investors from one country make cross-border capital investments in the same or similar products as domestic enterprises. The main purpose is to take advantage of specific geographical advantages and avoid trade barriers.

公司：以本国为基地，通过对外直接投资，在世界各地设立分支机构或子公司，从事国际化生产和经营活动的垄断企业。

Multinational companies: based on their own countries, through foreign

direct investment, set up branches or subsidiaries around the world, monopolistic enterprises engaged in international production and management activities.

并购是指兼并和收购的总称，是指一国企业（又称并购企业）为了达到某种目标，通过一定的渠道和支付手段，将另一国企业（又称被并购企业）的所有资产或足以行使运营活动的股份收买下来，从而对另一国企业的经营管理实施实际的或完全的控制行为。

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions refers to the acquisition of all assets or shares sufficient to exercise the operating activities of another country's enterprises through certain channels and payment methods in order to achieve certain goals, thereby implementing the management of the enterprises of another country. Actual or complete control.

边际产业：投资已经处于或即将处于比较劣势的产业。

Marginal industries: industries that are already or will soon be at a comparative disadvantage

战略联盟：两个或两个以上的公司为实现战略目标，通过签订短期或长期契约的形式而建立的局相互协作、此互补的合伙关系。

Transnational strategic alliance: In order to achieve strategic goals, two or more multinational companies establish mutually cooperative and

complementary partnerships through the signing of short-term or long-term contracts.

补偿贸易：公司向进口方销售设备或转让技术的过程中，不以收取现汇为条件，而是以该设备或技术的项目投产后所生产的产品来分期付款的贸易方式。

Compensation trade: in the process of selling equipment or transferring technology to the importer, a multinational company pays by installments not on the condition of receiving cash exchange, but on the products produced after the project of the equipment or technology is put into production.

内部化理论：把市场建立在企业内部，由内部市场取代外部市场。

Internalization theory: the market is established within the enterprise, and the external market is replaced by the internal market.

内部化理论：把市场建立在企业内部，由内部市场取代外部市场。

由于市场是不完全的导致企业通过市场进行交易的成本上升，因此，企业通过创造内部市场进行交易。内部化支出，对外投资的实质不在于资本的转移，而是基于所有权之上的企业管理和控制权的扩张，其结果是企业管理机制替代市场机制来协调企业各项经营活动和资源配置。

边际产业扩张理论：对外直接投资应该从本国已经处于或即将处于比较劣势的产业依次进行。

Marginal Industry Expansion Theory: Foreign direct investment should be carried out in turn from industries that are already or will soon be at a disadvantage.

垄断优势理论：国际直接投资是市场不完全的产物，企业在不完全竞争条件下获得的各种垄断优势，是该企业从事对外直接投资的决定性因素或主要推动力量。

Monopoly advantage theory: International direct investment is the incomplete product of the market. The various monopoly advantages obtained by an enterprise under incomplete competition are the decisive factors for the enterprise to engage in foreign direct investment.

国际生产折中理论：由英国教授邓宁总结得出。邓宁指出决定国际企业行为和国际直接投资的三个最基本因素是所有权优势、内部化优势、区位优势。

所有权优势指一国企业拥有的或是能够获得的，外国企业没有的或是无法获得的特点优势。

内部化优势：为了避免不完全市场给企业造成的影响而将其拥有的资产加以内部化，保持企业所拥有的优势。

区位优势：投资的国家或地区对投资者来说在投资环境方面所拥有的优势。

所有权优势解释企业对外投资的基础，区位优势解释为什么到特定的国家开展投资，内部化优势解释国际投资而不是出口的原因。

The eclectic theory of international production: the three most basic factors that determine international direct investment are ownership advantage, internalization advantage and location advantage.

Ownership advantage refers to the characteristic advantage that the enterprise of a country has or can obtain, but the foreign enterprise does not have or cannot obtain.

Internalization advantage: in order to avoid the impact of the incomplete market on the enterprise, internalize the assets it owns, and maintain the advantage of the enterprise.

Location advantage: the advantage of the investment country or region in the investment environment for investors.

Ownership advantage explains the basis of enterprises' foreign investment, location advantage explains why they invest in specific countries, and internalization advantage explains international investment rather than exports.

产品生命周期即一种新产品从开始进入市场到被市场淘汰的整个过程。

Product life cycle is the whole process of a new product from entering the market to being eliminated by the market.

市场势力理论：一公司通过对外直接投资的方式确立其在本行业市场中的支配地位

Market power theory: a company establishes its dominant position in the industry market by means of foreign direct investment

生产能力计划：对公司生产足够产出以满足市场需求的能力进行评估的过程。

Capacity planning: the process of assessing a company's ability to produce enough output to meet market demand.

文化传播：文化特征从一种文化扩散到另一种文化的过程。

Cultural dissemination: The process by which cultural characteristics spread from one culture to another.

文化帝国主义：用另一种文化中的替代品来取代某种文化的传统、民族英雄和手工艺品等的现象。

Cultural imperialism: the replacement of cultural traditions, national heroes and handicrafts with alternatives from another culture.

文化识别能力：对一种文化的细致了解，以使人们在该文化中更加有

Cultural Recognition: The ability to understand a culture in detail so that people can carry out activities more effectively in that culture.

文化：某个特殊群体所持有的一整套价值观、信仰、规则、制度的总和。

Culture: The sum of a set of values, beliefs, rules, and systems held by a particular group.

民族中心主义：认为本民族或文化优于所有其他民族或文化的信念。

Ethnocentrism: A belief that one's own nation or culture is superior to all other nations or cultures.

根本性失衡：贸易赤字导致一国国际收支发生永久性反向变化时的经济状况。

Fundamental imbalances: Economic conditions when a trade deficit causes a permanent reverse change in a country's balance of payments.

全球化：各国机构和经济体在经济、政治和技术方面相互依存的程度不断深化的趋势

Globalization: a growing trend of interdependence among institutions and economies in economic, political and technological terms

霍夫斯泰德构架

Hofstede framework

Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework used to measure cultural differences in different countries. This theory sums up the differences

among different cultures into the following dimensions of cultural values:Power

Distance,

Uncertainty

Avoidance,

Individualism

versus

Collectivism, Masculinity versus Femininity, Long-term versus Short-term.

人类发展指数：衡量一国人民需求被满足的程度以及这些需求在该国所有人口中被平等对待的指标体系

Human Development Index: An indicator system that measures how well people's needs are being met and how those needs are treated equally among all people in the country

克拉克洪斯托特柏克

Kiuckhohn-Strodtbeck framework

法 神权法 普通法

Civil law theocratic law common law

common law：A legal system based on tradition, precedent, and practice

Civil law ：A legal system baseon a code of laws

Theocratic law: a legal system based on religious teachings

法律制度：一国国内的一系列法律法规，包括法律制定执行的过程以及对各方行

为作出判决的方式。

Legal system: A series of laws and regulations in a country, including the process of law formulation and implementation, and the way in which courts make decisions on the actions of all parties.

当地成分要求：规定某种商品或服务的特定成分必须由国内市场的生产者提供的法律规范

Local ingredient requirements: Legal regulations that specify that certain ingredients of a good or service must be provided by producers in the domestic market

物质文化：文化中用于商品是高效节能和提供服务的所有技术

Material culture: All technologies used in culture for goods to be highly energy-efficient and to provide services

民族主义：一个民族为了自己国家的利益和进步而做出的奉献精神

Nationalism: the dedication of a nation for the benefit and progress of its own country

经济全球化：世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体的过程。

Economic globalization: the global organic economic process of global economic activities that transcends national borders through foreign trade, capital flows, technology transfer, service provision, interdependence, and interconnection.

亚文化：在更大的主流文化中拥有自身独特生活方式的群体

Subculture: Groups with their own unique lifestyles in the larger mainstream culture

神权法：以宗教教义为基础的法律体系

Theocratic law: a legal system based on religious teachings

反向文化冲击：重新适应母国文化的心理过程

Reverse Cultural Shock: The Psychological Process of Re-Adapting to the Culture of the Home Country

合理化生产：产品的零部件在成本最低的地方进行生产，然后在集中到装配基地组装成最终产品

Rationalized production: The parts of the product are produced where the cost is the lowest, and then assembled at the assembly base into the final product

政治风险：一国发生政治变革从而对当地商务活动造成负面影响的可能性

Political risk: the possibility of a political change in a country's government that could negatively affect local business activities

物流：对产品从作为原材料投入生产开始到作为制作品到达最终用户的物质流动过程的管理活动

Logistics: the management of the material flow process from the time a product is put into production as a raw material to the end user as a manufactured work

市场细分：根据消费者需求的不同，将整个市场划分为若干具有某种相似特征的顾客群，以便确定目标市场的过程。

Market segmentation: the process of dividing the whole market into several customer groups with some similar characteristics in order to determine the target market according to the different consumer demand.

目标市场：企业设计、实施、维持营销组合的对象。目标市场的选择过程是在市场细分的基础上通过一定的标准对细分市场进行评估，最终选定合适国家和目标顾客的过程。

Target market: the target market is the process of evaluating the market segment through certain criteria and finally selecting the appropriate country and target customers.

贸易小国：一种商品的进口额占世界总额的比重很小。进口量的改变不足以影响世界市场价格。世界价格的接受者。

Small trading countries: imports of a commodity account for a small proportion of the world's total.

The change in import volume is not enough to affect the price on the world market. The recipient of world prices.

贸易大国：如果一个国家是某种商品的贸易大国，则进口量的改变足以影响世界市场价格。

Major trading country: if a country is a major trading country in a commodity, the change in import volume is enough to affect the price of the world market.

区域经济一体化的好处

促进集团内部贸易增长，

提高区域内的资源配置效率，

通过竞争提升企业能力，

增强贸易和投资，

扩大市场

Benefits of regional economic integration

Promote intra-group trade growth,

Improve the efficiency of resource allocation in the area,

Improve the company's capabilities through competition,

Enhance trade and investment,

Expand the market

布雷顿森林体系：美元与黄金挂钩，各国货币同美元挂钩，并建立固定比价关系的，以美元为中心的国际货币体系。

The Bretton Woods system: the US dollar is linked to gold, the currencies of all countries are linked to the US dollar, and a fixed price relationship is established, with the US dollar as the center of the international monetary system.