科技信息 人文社科 In China,a eolnFaon coplaint of western mothers is that Chinese often ofndle their babies and very smal1 children.Such behavior can be quite em- Timeis such apersonal phenomenon,all ofus perceiveandtreatitin a barrassing and awkward for the mothers.They know that no harm is meant, manner that expresses our character.If we arrive 30 minutes late for an im— nad that such gestures are merely signs of friendliness or affection,therefore portant appointment and offer no apology,we tend a certain message about they cannot openly show their displeasure.On the other hand,such action in ourselves.A culture’s use of time eaR laso provide valuable clues to how men— their own culture would be considered rude intrusive and offensive. bers of that culture value and respond to time.In America,people always say 4.1.4 Facial expressions that”Time is money”and”He who hesitates is lost”.That s why Americans The importance of facila expressions iu communications is well estab— laways are on time。while our Chinese people sometimes are different from lished.however.the intercultural implications of these expressions rae di伍cult them.AIl Chinese know the Confucian proverb”Think three times before you to assess.Similra expressions may Occur in everyone,but the meanings people act”. attach to them differ from culture to culture.The majority opinion is that there 4.2.3 Silence rae universal facial expressions for which people have similra meaning.Cul— In the Eastern tradition.the view of silence is much different from the rurla norms often dictate how,when,and to whom facila expressions are dis— Western view.Easterners do not feeI uncomfortable with the bsence of noise or played. tlak and rae not compelled to ifll every pause when they ate around other peo— 4.I.5 Eye contact pie.Some co-cuhures living in the U.S.also difer rfom the dominant Ameri— There is a saying going like this”Eyes are the windows of the soul”.From can culture in the use of silence.Many Native Americans,for example,believe it,we can see that eye contacts are very important in our communication. that silence,not speaking,is a sing of a great person.Native Americans use People in Western societies ezpeet the person with whom they are interactingto silence as a gesture of respect ot persons of authority,age,or wisdom.Because look them in the eye.This appli ̄to both the speaker nad the listener.Even in of the way they have been socilaized,wonlen ace often silented intellectually public speaking there should be plenty of eye contact. nad creatively.In mixed~gender conversations.women rae quieter than males. 4.1.6 Paralanguage 5.Conclusion What we have just been considering is often referred to as paralnaguage, From the above discussion we know that nonverbal communication is which involves the linguistic elements of speech that is how something is said very important in our daily effective interaction.Culture plays an important and not the actual meaning of the spoken words.Most classiifcations divide role in nonverbal comarunieation.Those body behaviors and usage of setting paralangnage into three kinds of vocalization:1.vocal charaeterizers aughing, difer from culture to culture.Knowing the relationship between nonverbal crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,yawning)2.vocal qualiifers(vol— communication and culture is a very good way for our effective and proper ume,pitch,rhythm,tone)3.vocal segregates(”un—hun”,”shh”,”uh”,”ooh”). 4.2 Nonverbal communication related to space,time and silence 4.2.1 Space References Our personal space,that piece of the universe we occupy and call our l 1 jN.Dresser,Muldcultural Matnlners New York:Wiley and Sons, own,is considered within an invisible boundary surrounding our body.As the 1996) owners of this raea,we ususHy decide who may not enter our space.When our 【2 Jw.V.Ruch,Intercultural Hamdbook of Corporate Cummunication space is invaded we react in a variety of ways.We back up nad retreat,stand (Jefferson,NC:Mcfadand,1989)166—177 our ground as our hands become moist from nervousness or sometimes even 【3 JCooper&Cooper,1994,23 react violendy.Our response is a manifestation not only fo our unique person— l 4 IDresser,1996,19 laity,but also our cultural background.For example,culture that stresses in- 【5]Handbook for Teaching Korean-American Students(Sacramento, dividualism fEngland,the U.S ,Germany,Australia)generally demands more CA:Califomia Department ofEducafion.192).95-96 space than does collective cultures and tends to take an active,aggresssiee f 6 Dresser,l996 connote when their space is violated. l7jPearson,west&Turner,1995,123—124 (上接第116页) 及时反馈授课教师在教学活动中的教学方法及效 新的今天,PDCA循环是非常有用的方法,在日常教学工作中,每经历过 果。此外毕业生在工作岗位上的作为,毕业生的就业竞争力,可以检查出 一个PDCA循环后,都是对现行教学方法的一个自检,然后再根据反馈 教学质量和教学效果是否突出。 回来的情况,设定一个新的改善目标。在设定目标时要综合考虑主客观 4.处理阶段(Action) 条件,解决问题的难度和可行性。只要将PDCA循环合理的应用于教学 处理阶段是PCDA循环中最关键的一个环节,这是循环能否发挥作 中,教学方法和教学技巧会在这周而复始的循环中不断完善成熟,教学 用,品质能否得到持续改进,教学质量能否不断提高的关键环节。在这个 质量也会随之不断改进、提高,以达到预期的教学效果。 环节中,应该将从检查阶段获取的各种信息,认真分析处理,对成功经验 加以肯定,形成一套行之有效的教学方法和模式,并在今后的英语教学 参考文献 中推广、应用。对于存在的问题,要进一步分析、研究制定相应的调整措 [1]何玉定.戴明循环在教学中的应用[J].广东工业大学学报,2004 施,及时调整教学内容,修正教学方法,为下一个教学循环奠定有益的 4:113 基础,并在进入下一个教学循环时制定新的教学计划方案中加以实施。 [2]陈良声.PDCA循环原理在大学毕业生就业管理工作中的应用lJ]. 四、结束语 广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(1):83-85 总之,体验式教学模式以全新的教育理念,开创了新的教学模式,为 [3]郭佳.大学英语体验式教学探讨[J].北京交通大学学报(社会科 我国目前的教育改革注入了新的活力。在教学手段及教学方法不断革 学版),2005,(9) (上接第117页) 符”的情愫,表达了对功名利禄的鄙薄,对冲虚淡远 态。 境界的追求,人物形象跃然纸上。此类诗歌在“杂诗”中还有不少,这些 总之,《文选》首列“杂诗”一类,所收93首诗歌以《古诗十九首》为 诗往往借助典型的环境来抒发作者真切的感受,因此人物形象显得十 源头,放弃诗歌历来的叙事功能,抒发个人之于社会的情感,使“杂诗” 分真切、生动。 作为一种的诗体出现在诗坛上,成为文人抒发心志的重要载体,显 三是“杂诗”的组诗性质。“杂诗”以写细小之情、细微之事为特点, 示出其独具的诗体发展眼光。对后代诗歌的发展产生了不容忽视的影 表面上看,诗与诗之间没有什么联系,但如果将一定数量的“杂诗”结合 响,具有重要的文学史意义。 在~起意义就不同了,“杂诗”具有天然的组诗性质。《古诗十九首》是经 萧统选择而定名的,最初只是一个笼统的代称,不具有组类的性质。但 参考文献 后代相沿成习,《古诗十九首》的内涵逐渐凝固,这十九首诗也就不再是 [1]余冠英.汉魏六朝诗选[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1958 一篇篇诗作的松散组合而成了一个有意义的整体。在《文选》“杂诗”中 [2]萧统编李善注.文选[M].上海:上海古籍出版社。1986. 还有曹植的《杂诗六首》、张协的《杂诗十首》,它们也是以组诗的形式出 [3]六臣注文选・卷二十九[M].四库全书本. 现,同《古诗十九首》一样都是非作于一时一地,也非专指一事,如果把 [4]傅刚.《昭明文选》研究[M].北京:中国社会编 版社。2000 它们当作一个整体来看待就可以了解到作者在一个较长时段中的心 [5]陈寿(撰).裴松之(注).三国志・魏书[M]jb京:中华书局,1959 —119—