地理信息科学专业英语

专业术语英译汉

affine 仿射

band 波段

cartography clip digitizer DLG dpi edgematching equator equiarea geoid geospatial 制图学

剪切

数字化仪

数字线划图

每英寸点数

边缘匹配

赤道

等积

大地水准面

地理空间

GPS 全球定位系统

Habitat 栖息地

Interface 接口

Item Latitude legend longitude median meridian metadata neatline Object-Based parcel 项目

纬度

图例

经度

中值

子午线

元数据

图廓线

基于对象的

宗地

photogrammetry 摄影测量

precipitation 降水量

range 范围

raster resample resolution RMS scanner siting TIGER topology tuple UTM 栅格

重采样

分辨率

均方根

扫描仪

选址

拓扑统一地理编码

拓扑

数组

通用横轴墨卡托投影

vector 矢量

专业术语汉译英

保护区 protected area

比例尺 标准差 标准图幅 单精度 地理空间数据 点缓冲区 动态分段 度量标准 多项式变换 高程基准 Scale bar

Standard deviation

Standard picture frame

Single precision

Geospatial data

Point buffer

Dynamic segmentation

Metrics

Polynomial transformationElevation base

跟踪算法 Tracking algorithm

规则格网 Rules grid

过渡带 Transition zone

基于位置服务 畸形线 几何变换 检验图 解析几何 空间要素 平面坐标系统 曲流河 人口普查地段 上四分位数 Based on location service

Malformation line

Geometric transformationInspection chart

Analytic geometry

Space element

Planar coordinate system

Meandering river

Census Lot

The upper quartile

矢量数据模型 Vector data model

数据可视化 data visualization

数据探查 Data exploration

双精度 水文要素 泰森多边型 统一建模语言 投影坐标系统 线缓冲区 遥感数据 用材林 晕渲法 指北针 Double precision

Hydrological elements

Tyson Polygons

Line buffer

Remote sensing data

Timber forest

Halo rendering method

Compass

Unified Modeling Language Projection coordinate system

属性表 Property sheet

最短路径分析 Shortest path analysis

最小二乘法 Least squares method

翻译例子如下。

geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.

1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。

newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.

2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。

ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.

3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在

空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。

the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.

4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。

GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.

5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。

converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.

6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。

data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.

7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。

georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.

8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。

用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。

例子如下：

1．Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.

important types of field data that can be used in a GIS project are survey data and global positioning

systme (GPS) data.

2．Describe three variations in buffering.

buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the

right side of the line feature, instead of both sides. Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone

is separate from others, or dissolved so that there

are no overlapped areas between buffer zones.

3．Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.

main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for data

manipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvantage is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.

4．Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.

errors such as missing polygons or distorted

lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial

features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencis between spatial features.

5．Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.

object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First,the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial

features in a single system rather than a split system.

Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and methods.

6．Explain the importance of map projection.

map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps,

either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map

projection allows us to work with plane or projected

coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values.

Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and

yield less accurate distance measurements.

7．How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations

an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data. it can

save time and effort for raster data operations.

8．Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.

,overlay , distance measurement, spatial statistics and map manipulation .

9．Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.

point has 0 dimension and has only the property of line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the

properties of area (size) and perimeter.

10．Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.

of integer rasters are land use and soil

types. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.

11．The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean

split system stores spatial data in graphic files

and attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.

12．The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case

output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not visible areas from the

viewpoint.

13．What are the basic elements of the raster data model

basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference

14．What are the common elements on a map for presentation

common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.

15．What is a feature attribute table

feature attribute table is a table associated with a vector data set, which has access to the data set’s

spatial data.

16．Why is the datum important in GIS

datum is important in GIS because it serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic

coordinates of a location.