英语一历年完形填空

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The

speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.

1. [A] of

[B] at [B] timely [B] prevents [B] as [B] However [B] it

[B] sense [B] difficult [B] means

[C] for [C] likely [C] destroys [C] which [C] so [C] message [C] method

[D] on [D] invalid [D] offers [D] stir up [D] what

[D] this [D] meaning [D] way

2. [A] inaccessible 3. [A] encourages 4. [A] pass out 5. [A] who 6. [A] Moreover 7. [A] that 8. [A] speech 9. [A] obscure 10. [A] case

1995

Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and

dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now

8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.

1. [A] Either 3. [A] subtle

[B] Neither [B] obvious

[C] Each

[D] Any

2. [A] intended [B] required 4. [A] maintained [B] described 5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue 6. [A] reduction [B] destruction 7. [A] upon [B] by 8. [A] paid attention t [B] caught sight of 9. [A] develop 10. [A] if 1996

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and

maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any

[B] produce [B] as if

[C] assumed [D] inferred [C] mysterious [D] doubtful [C] settled [D] afforded [C] with the exception [C] through [C] stimulate [C] only if

[D] for the purpose

[C] deprivation [D] restriction

[D] with

[D] cast light on [D] induce [D] if only

[C] laid emphasis on

[B] take away [C] back up

[C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly

[C] impossible [D] unable

part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .

Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.

8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the ―safe side‖ and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.

1.［A］either

［B］so

［C］nor

［D］never

2.［A］shifting 3.［A］any 4.［A］serious 5.［A］mostly 6.［A］in that

［B］transferring ［B］some

［C］altering ［D］transforming ［C］anything ［D］something ［C］severe

［D］fatal

［B］apparent ［B］partially ［B］so that ［B］holds

［C］sometimes［D］rarely ［C］such that ［D］except that ［C］plays

［D］performs

7.［A］undertakes 8.［A］Supplying 9.［A］exceptional 10.［A］nevertheless 1997

［B］Getting ［B］exceeding ［B］therefore

［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing ［C］excess

［D］external

［C］moreover ［D］meanwhile

Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

4 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and

temporary workers. This ― 5 ‖ work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.

1.［A］ swarm 2.［A］ For 3.［A］ from

［B］ stride

［C］ separate ［D］ slip

［B］ Because ［C］ As ［D］ Since ［B］ in

［C］ on ［D］ by

4.［A］ Even though 5.［A］ durable

［B］ Now that ［C］ If only ［D］ Provided that ［B］ disposable［C］ available ［D］ transferable ［B］ flow ［C］ fashion

［D］ trend

6.［A］ approach

7.［A］ instantly ［B］ reversely ［C］ fundamentall ［D］ sufficiently 8.［A］ but

［B］ while ［C］ and

［D］ whereas

9.［A］ imposed 10.［A］ excitement

［B］ restricted ［C］ illustrated ［D］ confined ［B］ convictio ［C］ enthusiasm ［D］ importance

1998

Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

1. ［A］ admitted ［B］ believed ［C］ claimed 2. ［A］ plain ［B］ average ［C］ mean 3. ［A］ momentary ［B］ prompt ［C］ instant 4. ［A］ bulk ［B］ host 5. ［A］ On

［B］ With

［C］ gross ［C］ For

［D］ predicted ［D］ normal ［D］ immediate ［D］ magnitude ［D］ By

6. ［A］ broadly ［B］ thoroughly［C］ generally ［D］ completely 7. ［A］ however ［B］ meanwhile ［C］ therefore ［D］ moreover 8. ［A］ at

［B］ in

［C］ about

［D］ for

9. ［A］ manifested ［B］ approved ［C］ shown ［D］ speculated 10. ［A］ noted 1999

Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accidentfree operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.

Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.

There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.

1.［A］ at ［B］ in 2.［A］ alive

［C］ on

［D］ with ［D］ diverse

［B］ impressed ［C］ labeled ［D］ marked

［B］ vivid ［C］ mobile

3.［A］ regulation ［B］ climate［C］ circumstance［D］ requirement 4.［A］ where 5.［A］ alter

［B］ how ［B］ differ

［C］ what

［D］ unless

［D］ distinguish

［C］ shift

6.［A］ constituting［B］ aggravating 7.［A］ Some

［B］ Many

［C］ observing［D］ justifying ［C］ Even

［D］ Still ［D］ holds up

8.［A］ comes off ［B］ turns up ［C］ pays off

9.［A］ claims ［B］ reports ［C］ declarations ［D］ proclamations

［C］ an interest ［D］ a profit

10.［A］ an advantage［B］ a benefit 2000

①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can

continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans.

⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］

1.［A］ other than ［B］ as well as ［C］ instead of 2.［A］ only if 3.［A］ for 4.［A］ replace

［B］ much as ［C］ long before ［B］ against ［C］ of

［D］ more than ［D］ ever since

［D］ towards

［D］ dispose

［B］ purchase ［C］ supplement

［C］ feed ［C］ paths

5.［A］ enhance ［B］ mix 6.［A］ vessels

［B］ routes

［D］ raise ［D］ channels

7.［A］ self-confident ［B］ self-sufficient ［C］ self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained 8.［A］ search

［B］ save

［C］ offer

［D］ seek

［D］ ratio

9.［A］ proportion ［B］ percentage ［C］ rate

10.［A］ genuinely［B］ obviously ［C］ presumably ［D］ frequently 2001

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.

In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.

In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

―Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,‖ he said.

Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.

1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as

2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening 3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft 4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper 5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity 6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as

7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed 8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate 9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure 10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash

11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration 12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than 13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns 14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining 15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified 16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by

17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue 18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told 19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that 20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guarantee 2002

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.

It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became ―personal‖ too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .

It was within the computer age that the term ―information society‖ began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. ―Benefits‖ have been weighed 20 ―harmful‖ outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.

1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later

2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until 3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure 4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form 5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked 6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off 7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into

8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective 9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore 10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized 11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although 12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible 13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental 14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty 15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with 16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller 17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory 18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected 19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational 20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］with 2003

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults

experience. And they also need to give serious __21__ to how they can be best __22__ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and __23__, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. __24__ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __26__ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it

would be __27__ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, __28__, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, __29__ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide __30__ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful __31__ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the __32__ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult __33__ visible in the background.

In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have __34__ attention spans. A

variety of activities should be organized __35__ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to __36__ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants __37__. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. __38__ they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by __39__ for roles that are within their __40__ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.

21. 22. 23.

[A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion （A）[D] advice [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate （B）[D] enhance [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise （C）[D] leisure

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 2004

[A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas （D）[D] Because [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence （C）[D] tolerance [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair （D）[D] wise [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus （D）[D] multiple [A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone

[A] On the contrary [B] On the average[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand [A] making [B] standing[C] planning [D] taking

[A] capability [B] responsibility[C] proficiency [D] efficiency

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous

misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

[A] acting [B] relying[C] centering [D] cementing [A] before [B] unless[C] until [D] because

[A] interactions [B] assimilation[C] cooperation [D] consultation [A] return [B] reply[C] reference [D] response [A] or [B] but rather[C] but [D] or else

[A] considering [B] ignoring[C] highlighting [D] discarding [A] on [B] in[C] for [D] with

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 2005

[A] immune [B] resistant[C] sensitive [D] subject [A] affect [B] reduce[C] chock [D] reflect [A] point [B] lead[C] come [D] amount

[A] in general [B] on average[C] by contrast [D] at length [A] case [B] short[C] turn [D] essence

[A] survived [B] noticed[C] undertaken [D] experienced [A] contrarily [B] consequently[C] similarly [D] simultaneously [A] than [B] that[C] which [D] as

[A] system [B] structure[C] concept [D] heritage [A] assessable [B] identifiable[C] negligible [D] incredible [A] expense [B] restriction[C] allocation [D] availability [A] incidence [B] awareness[C] exposure [D] popularity [A] provided [B] since[C] although [D] supposing

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if

7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] determining [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since

[C] for [D] whereas 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2006

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, ―There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.‖

1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore 2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain 3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward

[A] unusual [B] particular [A] signs [B] stimuli [A] at first [B] at all [A] subjected [B] left [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [A] introduce [B] summon [A] still [B] also [A] sure [B] sick [A] tolerate [B] repel [A] available [B] reliable [A] similar to [B] such as

[C] unique [D] typical [C] messages [D] impulses [C] at large [D] at times [C] drawn [D] exposed [C] inefficient [D] insufficient [C] trigger [D] create [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless [C] aware [D] tired [C] neglect [D] notice [C] identifiable [D] suitable [C] along with [D] aside from

4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep 5. [A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not 6. [A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ 7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that 8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending 9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2007

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million _____1_____ of these nations looked ______2_____ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence ____3_____ the ideals of representative

government, careers ____4____ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the ______5____ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. ____6___ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a _____7______ set of laws.

On the issue of ______8_____ of religion and the position of the Church, ____9_____, there was less agreement _____10____ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one _____11___ by the Spanish crown. ______12______ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism

[A] assist [B] track [A] Hence [B] But [A] lodging [B] shelter [A] searching [B] strolling [A] when [B] once [A] life [B] existence [A] around [B] over

[A] complex [B] comprehensive [A] So [B] Since [A] puts [B] interprets [A] supervision [B] manipulation

[C] sustain [D] dismiss [C] Even [D] Only [C] dwelling [D] house [C] crowding [D] wandering [C] while [D] whereas [C] survival [D] maintenance [C] on [D] up

[C] complementary [D] compensating [C] As [D] Thus [C] assumes [D] makes [C] regulation [D] coordination

_____13_____ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the ______14_____ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying ___15_____ for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had ____16_____ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ____17_____ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___18___ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies ___19____. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was ____20____ self-rule and democracy.

1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals 2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully 3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected 4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted 5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return 6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally 7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical 8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform 9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover 10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by 11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded 12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While 13. [A] as [B] for [ C] under [D] against 14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence 15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish 16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised 17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original 18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher 19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred 20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for 2008

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Greory Cochram is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explained the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have

contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.

1. [A] selected

[B] prepared

[C] obliged

[D] pleased

2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare

3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against 4. [A] subsequently 5. [A] Only 6. [A] thought 7. [A] advises 8. [A] progress 9. [A] attaining 10.[A] normal 12.[A] missions 13.[A] affirm 14.[A] moreover 15.[A] given up 16.[A] assessing 18.[A] linked 19.[A] limited 2009

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 大1家 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 大2家 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 大3家 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 大4家 in not being too terrifically bright.

Intelligence, it 大5家 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 大6家 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 大7家 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 大8家.

Is there an adaptive value to 大9家 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 大10家 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 大11家 of our own intelligence might be. This is 大12家 the mind of every animal I've ever met.

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 大13家 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 大14家, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 大15家 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 大16家 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is

[B] presently

[C] previously [D] lately [D] Hence

[D] objects [D] calculating [D] total

[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably [D] careers [D] approve [D] meanwhile

[D] valuing

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[C] cost [D] risk [C] protests [C] reaching [C] mean [C] interests [C] observe [C] however

[D] question

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11.[A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately

[C] carried on [D] put down

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[B] supervising [C] administering

[B] origin

[B] integrated [B] subjected

[C] woven [C] converted

17.[A] development

20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable

really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 大18家, they would hope to study a 大19家 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 大20家 the results are inconclusive.

1. [A] Suppose 2. [A] tended 3. [A] thinner 4. [A] tendency 5. [A] insists on

[B] Consider [B] feared [B] stabler [B] sums up

[C] Observe [C] happened [C] lighter [C] turns out

[D] Imagine [D] threatened [D] dimmer [D] puts forward [D] gradual [D] different [D] backward [D] costs [D] apply [D] for instance [D] reach [D] Otherwise [D] Better still

[B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority

[C] over [D] along

[C] stop [D] think [C] indefinite [C] afterward

6. [A] off [B] behind 8. [A] fight 9. [A] invisible 10.[A] upward 11.[A] features 12.[A] outside 13.[A] deliver

7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable

[B] doubt [B] limited [B] forward

[B] influences [C] results [B] on [C] by [D] across [B] carry

[C] perform

14.[A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual 15.[A] if [B] unless 16.[A] moderate

[C] as [D] lest

[C] determine [C] However [C] So far

[B] overcome

17.[A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with 18.[A] Above all [B] After all 20.[A] By accident [B] In time 2010

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their name to the \"Hawthorne effect\大3家 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家 what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.

After several decades, the same data were 大11家 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive

[C] equivalent [D] hostile

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家 interpretation of what happed. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged \"Hawthorne effect\" is hard to pin down.

1. [A] affected 3. [A] truth

[B] achieved [B] sight

[C] extracted

[D] restored

2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off

[C] act [D] proof

[D] assessments

4. [A] controversial 5. [A] requirements 6. [A] conclude 7. [A] as far as 9. [A] suitable 10.[A] about

[B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous [B] explanations [C] accounts

[C] indicate

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[C] enough [C] subjected

8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment

[B] for [C] on [D] by

11.[A] compared [B] shown 13.[A] evidence

[B] guidance

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[D] misleading

[D] As usual [D] suddenly

[C] implication [D] source

14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable 16.[A] duly 17.[A] failed 20.[A] breaking 2011

15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence

[B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [B] ceased [B] climbing

[C] started

[D] continued

[C] surpassing [D] hitting

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.‖ But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen

consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently

accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s

emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___

muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their

enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like 2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce 3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief 7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected 8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes 9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance 10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D]intermal 11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for 12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D]at 13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because 14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses 15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond 16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold 17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent 18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted 19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing 20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] Conversely

2012

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.

Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.

This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave

justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.

The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.

1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards

11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore 19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result